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Initialization When you assign a value to a variable when it is declared, it is called Initialization. Here is an example − int val = 50; For array initialization, you may need a new keyword, whereas to initialize a variable, you do not need it. Instantiation When you create a new object in C# for a class using the new keyword, then it is called instantiation. Use the new operator to instantiate a class in C#. Here is an example showing two objects of Student class created using new keyword − Student s1 = new Student(); Student s2 = new Student();
Trunks Definition Trunks are a large-bandwidth communication channels connecting switching centres, forming the core of the telephone network. A trunk comprises of a cluster of broadcast frequencies that are suitable for long haul communication of many voice and data signals simultaneously. Features The characteristic features of a trunk are − They carry digital information as opposed to analog signals carried by local loops. They are designed for both voice and data transmission. They can carry millions of calls simultaneously over long distances. They have very high bandwidth. They generally comprise of a cluster of fiber optic cables bundled together ... Read More
In this assignment we work with files. Files are everywhere in this Universe. In computer system files are essential part. Operating system consists a lot of files. Python has two types of files-Text Files and Binary Files. Here we discuss about Text Files Here we focus some of the important functions on files. Number of words Number of characters Average word length Number of stop words Number of special characters Number of numeric Number of uppercase words We have a test file "css3.txt", we are working on that file Number of words When we count number of ... Read More
Precision states the difference between float and double data type. Float is a single precision (32 bit) floating point data type. Double is a double precision (64 bit) floating point data type. Range of a float type − -3.4 x 1038 to + 3.4 x 1038 Range of a double type is − (+/-)5.0 x 10-324 to (+/-)1.7 x 10308 Default value of a float type − 0.0F Default value of a double type − 0.0D
Analog Telephone Cores The early telephone networks had analog cores. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) was used to transmit a number of voice signals over the single line. Twelve calls were multiplexed into a group. Five groups were multiplexed into a supergroup. Digital Telephone Cores The present telephone networks have digital cores. This requires that the analog signals in the local loops are converted to digital signals that are transmitted via the trunks. This is done by codec (coder decoder). Time division multiplexing (TDM) is used to multiplex digital signals in the trunks, since it can be entirely handled by digital ... Read More
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) is a broadband, packet-based, 3G mobile cellular system based upon GSM standards. The specifications of UMTS covers the entire network system, including the radio access network, the core network and user authentication. Features UMTS is a component of IMT-2000 standard of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), developed by 3GPP. It uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) air interface. It provides transmission of text, digitized voice, video and multimedia. It provides high bandwidth to mobile operators. It gives a high data rate of 2Mbps. For High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) handsets, the data-rate is as high ... Read More
Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a technique of digitally representing analog signals. It takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal and changes it to binary data. PCM technique is used by codecs in telephone networks to convert analog signals in local loops to digital signals in the trunks, and reverse conversion at the receivers’ end. Operations in Pulse Code Modulation The operations in PCM technique involves operations at the transmitting end and the operations at the receiving end. Transmitting End − In the transmitting end, the analog signals are sampled, quantized and encoded. The codec samples the analog ... Read More
We can update another table with the help of inner join. Let us create two tables. Creating a table mysql> CREATE table tblFirst -> ( -> id int, -> name varchar(100) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.48 sec) Inserting records mysql> INSERT into tblFirst values(1, 'John'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec) mysql> INSERT into tblFirst values(2, 'Bob'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.26 sec) mysql> INSERT into tblFirst values(3, 'David'); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.20 sec) Displaying ... Read More
Stored Procedure In MySQL, a stored procedure can be called with the help of call statement. A stored procedure returns more than one value. A stored procedure returns 0 by default. It cannot be used in SQL query and is based on precompile. Function A function can be called inside the statement. It can return a value with the help of return statement and it returns only one value. A function returns any single value, which can be a table. It can be used in SQL query and isn’t based on precompile.
Enhanced Data-rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is an improved version of GSM providing higher data transmission rate than GSM, while being compatible with the older systems. Features It was standardized by 3GPP as a part of GSM family and was deployed in GSM networks in 2003. The other names for EDGE are Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS) and IMT-Single Carrier (IMT-SC). It is compatible with any packet – switched application. It is also backward – compatible, i.e. compatible with existing or older versions. It enables data to be sent over a GSM TDMA systems at speeds of 384Kbps. GSM uses the ... Read More