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The operands of the instructions can be located either in the main memory or in the CPU registers. If the operand is placed in the main memory, then the instruction provides the location address in the operand field. Many methods are followed to specify the operand address. The different methods/modes for specifying the operand address in the instructions are known as addressing modes.Types of Addressing ModesThere are various types of Addressing Modes which are as follows −Implied Mode − In this mode, the operands are specified implicitly in the definition of the instruction. For example, the instruction "complement accumulator" is ... Read More
There are various storage allocation techniques are as follows −Static AllocationIt is the simplest allocation scheme in which allocation of data objects is done at compile time because the size of every data item can be determined by the compiler.Recursive Subprogram and Arrays of adjustable length are not permitted in a language. In static allocation, the compiler can decide the amount of storage needed by each data object. Thus, it becomes easy for a compiler to identify the address of these data in the activation record.FORTRAN uses this kind of storage allocation strategies.AdvantagesIt is easy to implement.It allows type checking ... Read More
The reflected binary code or Gray code is an ordering of the binary numeral system such that two successive values differ in only one bit (binary digit). Gray codes are very useful in the normal sequence of binary numbers generated by the hardware that may cause an error or ambiguity during the transition from one number to the next. So, the Gray code can eliminate this problem easily since only one bit changes its value during any transition between two numbers.Conversion of Binary to Gray CodeGray codes are used in rotary and optical encoders, Karnaugh maps, and error detection. The ... Read More
Environment variables are an essential part of the Operating System. They store various information like the path of the system files and folders, the number of processors system running, current user details, and more. Processes and programs utilize these environment variables to retrieve the data for their execution.Environment variables in PowerShell are stored as PS drive (Env: ). To retrieve all the environment variables stored in the OS you can use the below command.Get-ChildItem -Path Env:Name Value ---- ... Read More
Binary Number System is one the type of most popular Number Representation techniques that used in digital systems. In the Binary System, there are only two symbols or possible digit values, i.e., 0 (off) and 1 (on). Represented by any device that only 2 operating states or possible conditions.Generally, there are two types of complement of Binary number: 1’s complement and 2’s complement. To get 1’s complement of a binary number, simply invert the given number. For example, 1’s complement of binary number 110010 is 001101. To get 2’s complement of binary number is 1’s complement of given number plus ... Read More
The medium access control (MAC) is a sublayer of the data link layer of the open system interconnections (OSI) reference model for data transmission. It is responsible for flow control and multiplexing for transmission medium. It controls the transmission of data packets via remotely shared channels. It sends data over the network interface card. MAC Layer in the OSI Model The Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. The data link layer is the second lowest layer. It is divided into two sublayers − ... Read More
Decimal system is most familiar number system to the general public. It is base 10 which has only 10 symbols − 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Whereas Hexadecimal system is most familiar number system color representation in Computers or digital systems. It is base 16 which has only 16 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and A, B, C, D, E, F. These A, B, C, D, E, F use as single digit in place of double digits, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 respectively.Conversion from Decimal to Hexadecimal ... Read More
Semiconductor devices are extensively used in the field of electronics. A semiconductor is a substance whose resistivity lies between conductors and insulators. Semiconductors have negative temperature co-efficient. The resistance in semiconductors increases with the decrease in temperature and vice versa. The conducting properties of a semiconductor changes, when a suitable metallic impurity is added to it.In this article, we will highlight the major differences between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors by considering different parameters such as doping level, conductivity, charge density, etc.What is an Intrinsic Semiconductor?A semiconductor material in its pure form is known as an intrinsic semiconductor. Thus, the intrinsic ... Read More
What is Consumer Behavior?Consumer behaviour is the study of how individual customers, groups or organizations select, buy, use, and dispose ideas, goods, and services to satisfy their needs and wants. It refers to the actions of the consumers in the marketplace and the underlying motives for those actions.Engel, Blackwell, and Mansard define consumer behaviour as “…the actions and decision processes of people who purchase goods and services for personal consumption.”Factors Affecting Consumer BehaviorConsumer Behaviour is influenced by many different factors. The five major factors that influence consumer behaviour are as follows −Psychological FactorsHuman psychology plays a major role in understanding ... Read More
Digital Computers use Binary number system to represent all types of information inside the computers. Alphanumeric characters are represented using binary bits (i.e., 0 and 1). Digital representations are easier to design, storage is easy, accuracy and precision are greater.There are various types of number representation techniques for digital number representation, for example: Binary number system, octal number system, decimal number system, and hexadecimal number system etc. But Binary number system is most relevant and popular for representing numbers in digital computer system.Storing Real NumberThese are structures as following below −There are two major approaches to store real numbers (i.e., ... Read More