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Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
How to create a random sample of values between 0 and 1 in R?
The continuous uniform distribution can take values between 0 and 1 in R if the range is not defined. To create a random sample of continuous uniform distribution we can use runif function, if we will not pass the minimum and maximum values the default will be 0 and 1 and we can also use different range of values.Examplesrunif(5) [1] 0.8667731 0.7109824 0.4466423 0.1644701 0.5611908 runif(10) [1] 0.5923782 0.8793613 0.6912947 0.2963916 0.6076762 0.7683766 0.1143595 [8] 0.4782710 0.1143383 0.4540217 runif(50) [1] 0.841674685 0.325249762 0.640847906 0.203868249 0.495230429 0.897175830 [7] 0.744447459 0.490173680 0.254711280 0.144844443 0.867749180 0.004405166 [13] 0.539785687 0.739637398 0.062214554 0.648021581 0.768686809 0.305543906 [19] 0.757496413 0.527085302 0.633331579 0.700118363 0.857950259 0.929350618 [25] 0.167015719 0.775870043 0.430343200 0.528408273 0.600575697 0.612206968 [31] 0.065904791 0.061135682 0.082027863 0.193586800 0.013956337 0.156875620 [37] 0.837501421 0.971202297 0.930835689 0.292126061 0.599263353 0.826630821 [43] 0.509235736 0.741715013 0.224485511 0.113099235 0.395143355 0.375654137 [49] 0.973050494 0.107550270 round(runif(50),2) [1] 0.51 0.70 0.90 0.45 0.41 0.74 0.31 0.40 0.10 0.05 0.18 0.05 0.63 0.34 0.57 [16] 0.06 0.73 0.37 0.79 0.85 0.82 0.41 0.32 0.34 0.37 0.14 0.21 0.11 0.43 0.86 [31] 0.83 0.09 0.88 0.04 0.62 0.64 0.15 0.75 0.78 0.16 0.67 0.97 0.79 0.64 0.56 [46] 0.40 0.07 0.69 0.82 0.63 round(runif(50),4) [1] 0.2951 0.2916 0.9049 0.2669 0.7613 0.2080 0.4739 0.1110 0.6155 0.5429 [11] 0.4490 0.2941 0.8262 0.7719 0.7896 0.7634 0.6260 0.7812 0.7600 0.6852 [21] 0.9142 0.0165 0.2324 0.0821 0.0814 0.4009 0.3315 0.8843 0.9684 0.1966 [31] 0.4841 0.5795 0.7898 0.1865 0.6929 0.8599 0.0492 0.8275 0.7431 0.3122 [41] 0.8480 0.3327 0.4872 0.0503 0.1887 0.0296 0.6011 0.1162 0.7776 0.6874 round(runif(50),5) [1] 0.40368 0.33585 0.03557 0.06047 0.95041 0.18260 0.70011 0.75148 0.12414 [10] 0.01310 0.42343 0.05846 0.21341 0.05454 0.77823 0.66151 0.61406 0.59459 [19] 0.50299 0.96780 0.43033 0.64652 0.39697 0.05897 0.47169 0.79828 0.74154 [28] 0.56074 0.97303 0.35301 0.36110 0.67452 0.14553 0.45195 0.05780 0.90489 [37] 0.96745 0.28014 0.02089 0.77789 0.04797 0.03550 0.40495 0.08924 0.59908 [46] 0.89074 0.48498 0.47335 0.59422 0.00719 round(runif(100),2) [1] 0.10 0.06 0.51 0.89 0.80 0.68 0.97 0.58 0.60 0.79 0.96 0.48 0.29 0.16 0.42 [16] 0.35 0.46 0.18 0.46 0.34 0.48 0.35 0.72 0.10 0.50 0.93 0.30 0.54 0.85 0.19 [31] 0.12 0.10 0.47 0.66 0.43 0.09 0.44 0.86 0.99 0.31 0.10 0.61 0.20 0.15 0.02 [46] 0.25 0.33 0.75 0.98 0.23 0.21 0.70 0.42 0.24 0.87 0.84 0.99 0.06 0.75 0.48 [61] 0.84 0.35 0.48 0.62 0.40 0.25 0.07 0.08 0.75 0.40 0.83 0.95 0.00 0.87 0.27 [76] 0.53 0.21 0.41 0.28 0.83 0.90 0.26 0.50 0.19 0.70 0.93 0.24 0.45 0.33 0.84 [91] 0.15 0.81 0.62 0.17 0.08 0.76 0.74 0.11 0.20 0.49 round(runif(150),1) [1] 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.1 1.0 [19] 0.8 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 [37] 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.7 [55] 0.2 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.6 [73] 0.9 0.3 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.7 [91] 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.2 [109] 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.1 0.8 1.0 [127] 0.3 1.0 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.0 [145] 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.4 round(runif(75),1) [1] 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.2 [20] 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.1 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 [39] 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.1 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.7 [58] 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.3 0.2 round(runif(75),3) [1] 0.712 0.355 0.130 0.768 0.134 0.681 0.273 0.663 0.849 0.851 0.842 0.430 [13] 0.371 0.903 0.148 0.879 0.812 0.330 0.567 0.646 0.199 0.159 0.056 0.448 [25] 0.637 0.204 0.101 0.389 0.797 0.030 0.021 0.167 0.440 0.359 0.670 0.435 [37] 0.807 0.669 0.738 0.546 0.535 0.969 0.055 0.201 0.436 0.336 0.841 0.548 [49] 0.901 0.850 0.369 0.770 0.678 0.922 0.252 0.132 0.635 0.544 0.291 0.715 [61] 0.601 0.399 0.585 0.161 0.423 0.244 0.451 0.397 0.951 0.382 0.123 0.959 [73] 0.252 0.330 0.238
Read MoreHow to set the alignment of labels in horizontal bar plot to left in R?
When we create a horizontal bar plot using ggplot2 package, the labels of the categorical variable are aligned to the right-side of the axis and if the size of these labels are different then it looks a little ambiguous. Therefore, we might want to set the alignment of the labels to left-side and this can be done by using theme function of ggplot2 package.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> df dfOutput x y 1 India 14 2 UK 15 3 Russia 12 4 United States of America 18Loading ggplot2 package and creating a horizontal ...
Read MoreHow to check the difference between plot generation time in base R?
One of the mostly used time measurement function in R is microbenchmark function of microbenchmark package. We can pass the function to create the plot inside microbenchmark function and this will result in the processing time for each of the plots then a comparison can be done for the difference.Example1Loading microbenchmark package:> library(microbenchmark)Finding the plot generation time:> x1 x2 x3 X XUnit: milliseconds expr min lq mean median uq max neval plot(x1) 12.7488 14.88815 15.65040 15.2515 15.90765 23.9348 100 plot(x2) 20.9810 21.67780 23.92976 22.2116 23.29665 137.2474 100 plot(x3) 93.6965 95.03440 96.67086 95.6717 97.12290 125.3670 100Plots:Example> plot(x1)Output:Example> plot(x2)Output:Example> plot(x3)Output:
Read MoreHow to generate passwords with varying lengths in R?
To generate passwords, we can use stri_rand_strings function of stringi package. If we want to have passwords of varying length then we need to create the passwords using the particular size separately. For example, for a size or length of the password equals to 8, we can use the argument length in the stri_rand_strings function.Loading stringi package:> library(stringi)Example1> stri_rand_strings(n=5, length=8, pattern="[0-9a-zA-Z]") [1] "YkIEDYQz" "t42JCzYO" "rOE9YN8U" "2lu9AonY" "6lDUxScX"Example2> stri_rand_strings(n=20, length=8, pattern="[0-9a-zA-Z]") [1] "glH3ysoX" "X0Sgvg3F" "P3YOePTa" "45GOb2hA" "tLCwszus" "CerCi1ks" [7] "UtFwzrSc" "pG8AJCQX" "NTCdMRHj" "5thI1wKb" "Ic8Rol1Y" "JakWa1Wd" [13] "9AfeXo7T" "SFJVn9XV" "lIRhLbJ9" "DNFyAbkJ" "jV4jJRZk" "IthkzfEU" [19] "talj9nBq" "Nak9Tidh"Example3> ...
Read MoreHow to create EditText accepts Alphabets only in Kotlin?
This example demonstrates how to create EditText accepts Alphabets only in Kotlin.Step 1 − Create a new project in Android Studio, go to File ⇒ New Project and fill all required details to create a new project.Step 2 − Add the following code to res/layout/activity_main.xml. Step 3 − Add the following code to src/MainActivity.kt
Read MoreHow to add a TextView to a LinearLayout dynamically in Android using Kotlin?
This example demonstrates how to add a TextView to a LinearLayout dynamically in Android using Kotlin.Step 1 − Create a new project in Android Studio, go to File ⇒ New Project and fill all required details to create a new project.Step 2 − Add the following code to res/layout/activity_main.xml. Step 3 − Add the following code to src/MainActivity.ktimport android.graphics.Color import android.os.Bundle import android.widget.LinearLayout import android.widget.TextView import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) setContentView(R.layout.activity_main) title = "KotlinAp" val linearLayout: LinearLayout = ...
Read MoreWeb Scraping in Android Application using Kotlin?
This example demonstrates how to perform Web Scraping in Android Application using Kotlin.Step 1 − Create a new project in Android Studio, go to File ⇒ New Project and fill all required details to create a new project.Step 2 − Add the following code to res/layout/activity_main.xml. Step 3 − Add the following code to src/MainActivity.ktimport android.os.AsyncTask import android.os.Bundle import android.widget.Button import android.widget.TextView import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity import org.jsoup.Jsoup import java.io.IOException @Suppress("DEPRECATION") class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() { private lateinit var textView: TextView lateinit var button: Button override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) ...
Read MoreHow to create custom Alert Dialogs in an Android App using Kotlin?
This example demonstrates how to create custom Alert Dialogs in an Android App using Kotlin.Step 1 − Create a new project in Android Studio, go to File ⇒ New Project and fill all required details to create a new project.Step 2 − Add the following code to res/layout/activity_main.xml. Step 3 − Add the following code to src/MainActivity.ktimport android.app.Dialog import android.content.Context import android.os.Bundle import android.view.View import android.widget.Button import android.widget.Toast import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() { private val context: Context = this override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) ...
Read MoreHow to use XMLPullParser to parse XML in Android using Kotlin?
This example demonstrates how to use XMLPullParser to parse XML in Android using Kotlin.Step 1 − Create a new project in Android Studio, go to File ⇒ New Project and fill all required details to create a new project.Step 2 − Add the following code to res/layout/activity_main.xml. Step 3 − Create a Layout resource file (row.xml) and add the following code − Step 5 − Create a new asset folder, and inside the asset folder create a Android resource file (model.xml) and add the following code − ...
Read MoreHow to listen for a WebView finishing loading a URL in Android using Kotlin?
This example demonstrates how to listen for a WebView finishing loading a URL in Android using Kotlin.Step 1 − Create a new project in Android Studio, go to File ⇒ New Project and fill all required details to create a new project.Step 2 − Add the following code to res/layout/activity_main.xml. Step 3 − Add the following code to src/MainActivity.ktimport android.os.Bundle import android.webkit.WebChromeClient import android.webkit.WebView import android.webkit.WebViewClient import android.widget.Button import android.widget.TextView import android.widget.Toast import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() { lateinit var webView: WebView lateinit var textView: TextView private lateinit var ...
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