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Plotting a function is very easy with curve function but we can do it with ggplot2 as well. Since ggplot2 provides a better-looking plot, it is common to use it for plotting instead of other plotting functions. To plot a function, we should specify the function under stat_function in ggplot.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> x df library(ggplot2)Plotting of functions is as shown below:> ggplot(df, aes(x))+ + stat_function(fun=function(x) log(x))> ggplot(df, aes(x))+ + stat_function(fun=function(x) log(x)/x)Output> ggplot(df, aes(x))+ + stat_function(fun=function(x) log(x)/(x-3))Output> ggplot(df, aes(x))+ + stat_function(fun=function(x) (exp(x)^2)*2)OutputRead More
When we create line chart with each of the lines having different color, we might want to change the color of lines if the colors we used at the first time are not making the chart attractive. This can be done by manually setting the color of the lines in the chart with the help of scale_color_manual function.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> set.seed(2) > Group Time Frequency df df Group Time Frequency 1 1 Time1 3 2 2 Time2 6 3 3 Time1 5 4 4 Time2 3 5 5 Time1 9 6 1 Time2 9 7 ... Read More
We save our data files created in R to use them in the future and these files have an extension .Rdata. To view these files, we can make use of load function that will read the path of the file on your system. Suppose you save the file in Documents folder as I do then you will have to provide the path of the Documents folder and that’s it.ExampleSuppose that you created a data frame df and saved it as df.Rdata file in your system −> set.seed(99) > x1 x2 x3 df df x1 x2 x3 1 2 0.7542310 3.3730539 ... Read More
In a business, decision making is very important aspect. Decision making can direct the business in a successful way or in an unsuccessful way. So, if a business wants to be successful, correct decisions should be taken in given circumstances.A lot of independent variables are involved in decision making mainly in financial aspects of the firm. So, there is a need of a tool or a technique to take appropriate decisions.Sensitivity analysis is a tool or a technique which tells about how independent variable impacts a dependent variable under current conditions. Investors use this tool to evaluate the result of ... Read More
Financial statements are the reports prepared by a firm to represent their financial activities in an accounting year. These gives how the firm carries its activities, maintain its cash flows and how well the firm is doing in the market.Nature of financial statements includes −Recording facts.Accounting conversions.Assumptions.Personal judgements.Objectives of financial statements are as follows −To provide information about economic resources of a firm.To provide information about changes in economic resources of a firm.To provide information about net resources of a firm.To provide information about estimation of earning potential of a firm.Types of financial statements includes −Balance sheetAssetsLiabilitiesEquityIncome statementIncomeExpensesProfit or lossCash ... Read More
Money is an important factor in the business. A firm should maintain a clear record about income and outing of money to evaluate and estimate their performance. A cash flow statement is a record, which records firms in and out flow of cash in detail. Monitoring, analysing and optimising the cash flow is called cash flow management.Importance of cash flow management is explained below:Solvency and credit worthiness.CAPEX and investment.Improves vendor ad employee relationships.Indicators of cash flow management are as follows −EBIT − It tells about earnings after leverage and tax expenses which are deducted. EBITDA tells about operating efficiency of ... Read More
The term forecasting refers to predication of future with the given circumstances. In forecasting, both macro and micro economic factors will be considered. Financial forecasting tells about company’s future action.Financial forecasting made through projected financial statements (income statements, balance sheets and cash flows). It helps to make decisions like capital investments, requirement of working capital, funds requirement etc.Features of forecasting include −Relates to future events.Depends on historical and current events.Predication of future events.Forecasting techniques.Quantitative and qualitative techniques are two types of financial forecasting techniques, which are explained below in detail.Quantitative techniquesCasual methods.Simple linear and multiple regression.Days sales technique.Percentage of sales ... Read More
Financial modelling is a process of creating company’s financial performances in a spread sheet or excel sheet. It is created based on historical performances and assumptions about future. Various numerical models and theories will be used by the financial analyst to forecast the future earnings of the company.Objectives of financial modelling are as follows −Valuing a business.Raising capital.Growing the business.Acquisition.Selling/divesting assets and business unit.Capital allocation.Budget and forecasting.Types of financial modelling are given below −Three statement model − Income statement, balance sheet and cash flow are called three statements. All the related formulas are linked in excel to create a financial ... Read More
Non-financial performances have great impact on non – tangibles of a firm. Many of these performances will not focus on the money generation, but they will have positive impact on finances related to business organisations.Some of them are explained below −Developments of new services/productsResearch and development goals will help goals of innovation, new product creation or improvements in existing products.Customer serviceFinding new ways to expand customer service by new way will yield customer appreciation, through which it will result in customer retention or addition of new customers.Training programsEmployee training programs helps in work performances, which creates effective and motivated staff. ... Read More
Organisations need different set of objectives, to attain their success. These objectives give a plan or directions to the organisation to meet their long term goal.Some of the objectives are explained below −RevenueRevenue generation is the main objective of an organisation. It plays an important role in project life cycle. Revenue generation helps an organisation to plan its marketing and other necessary things in the business.MarginsAfter all sales and expenses, money left after is called profit. Profit plays an important role in business cycle as they generate money for next projects and developments of business.Operational activitiesOperational activities keep business running. ... Read More