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Everything in Python is an object including classes. All classes are instances of a class called "type".The type object is also an instance of type class. You can inspect the inheritance hierarchy of class by examining the __bases__ attribute of a class object. type() method returns class type of the argument(object) passed as parameter.If single argument type(obj) is passed to type method, it returns the type of given object. If three arguments type(name, bases, dict) is passed, it returns a new type object.Using type()Let’s look at the classes for the most used data types. In the below program we initialize ... Read More
Code objects are a low-level detail of the CPython implementation. Each one represents a chunk of executable code that hasn’t yet been bound into a function. Though code objects represent some piece of executable code, they are not, by themselves, directly callable. To execute a code object, you must use the exec keyword.In the below example we see how the code objects are created for a given piece of code and what are the various attributes associated with hat code object.Example Live Democode_str = """ print("Hello Code Objects") """ # Create the code object code_obj = compile(code_str, '', 'exec') # get ... Read More
If two variables are of the same data types and not iterators like list and dictionary etc, then the expressions a += b is same as a =+b gives the same result. But when n iterator is involved we can not always expect the same. Below is one of such scenario.Case of a = a +bHere we can see when we apply the expression to a list and a string expecting they will get merged, we get back an error.Examplex ='Hello ' z_list = [1, 2, 3] z_list = z_list + x print(z_list)OutputRunning the above code gives us the following ... Read More
As we write python programs we need various other modules to leverage their functions, classes etc. in our current program. We can import those modules at the runtime using the import function. Though you can also import named modules at the beginning of the code, you may need the module temporarily for only few lines of code or you want to make the copy of an object from the module and modify and use it.SyntaxThe syntax of the __import__() function is −__import__(name, globals=None, locals=None, fromlist=(), level=0) Where name - the name of the module you want to import globals and ... Read More
Pygame is a multimedia library for Python for making games and multimedia applications. In this article we will see how to use the pygame module to draws many different shapes on the screen taking into consideration, its height, width and position in the pygame window.In the below program we initialize the pygame moduel and then deifne the colour and dimension for the image. Next we add the different shapes as per the syntax and carefully mention the arguments to the darw functions so that the images do not overlap with each other. The screen.blit function paints the screen while the ... Read More
Pygame is a multimedia library for Python for making games and multimedia applications. In this article we will see how to use the pygame module to get customized font and text on the screen taking into consideration, its height, width, and position in the pygame window.In the below program we initialize the pygame module and then define the mode and the caption for the image. Next we add the font text and define the coordinates for the font. The screen.blit function paints the screen while the while loop keeps listening the end of the game is clicked.Exampleimport pygame import sys ... Read More
Pygame is a multimedia library for Python for making games and multimedia applications. In this article we will see how to use the pygame module to paint a picture on the screen taking into consideration, its height, width and position in the pygame window.In the below program we initialize the pygame module and then define the mode and the caption for the image. Next we load the image and define the coordinates. The screen.blit function paints the screen while the while loop keeps listening the end of the game is clicked.Exampleimport pygame pygame.init() w = 300; h = 300 screen ... Read More
Pandas is one of the most popular python library for data analysis and data wrangling. In this article we will see how we can create a pandas dataframe and then delete some selective rows ort columns from this data frame.Deleting roewsIn the below example we have the iris.csv file which is read into a data frame. We first have a look at the existing data frame and then apply the drop function to the index column by supplying the value we want to drop. As we can see at the bottom of the result set the number of rows has ... Read More
Transport Layer Security known as TLS is a very important part while using URI commands such as Invoke−WebRequest or Invoke−Restmethod commands and package commands such as Find−Package or Install−Package because they interact on the internet and PowerShell needs TLS1.2 version for that.We may get the below errors when we use the lower TLS version.WARNING: Unable to download the list of available providers. Check your internet connection. WARNING: Unable to resolve package source 'https://www.powershellgallery.com/api/v2'. Find-Package : No match was found for the specified search criteria and package nameTo resolve the above error, we need to change the TLS version. To check ... Read More
Tree command graphically shows the folder structure of the given drive or a path. It is similar to Get−ChildItem or dir recursive command except this shows the graphical structure. For example, the below command will retrieve the folder structure of C:\VMs includingtree c:\VMsOutputThere are also two other switches supported for this command. They will appear in the help section of this command.c:\>tree /? Graphically displays the folder structure of a drive or path. TREE [drive:][path] [/F] [/A] /F Display the names of the files in each folder. /A Use ASCII instead of extended characters.This command is a cmd utility ... Read More