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Relational database design (RDD) models’ information and data into a set of tables with rows and columns. Each row of a relation/table represents a record, and each column represents an attribute of data. The Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to manipulate relational databases. The design of a relational database is composed of four stages, where the data are modeled into a set of related tables. The stages are −Define relations/attributesDefine primary keysDefine relationshipsNormalizationRelational databases differ from other databases in their approach to organizing data and performing transactions. In an RDD, the data are organized into tables and all types ... Read More
In electrical engineering, a relay is an electromagnetic or an electronic switch that can automatically operate if any abnormal conditions occur in the circuit. The primary functions of a relay are to monitor the circuit, sense the fault, and initiate the tripping of the circuit if a fault occurs in the system. Read this article to learn the operation of a relay. Let's start with some frequently used terms related to the operation of a relay. Relay Operation Terminology The following are some key terms related to the operation of a relay in power system. Operating Force or Torque - ... Read More
An MCB or Miniature Circuit Breaker is a type of circuit breaker or an automatic electric switch used to provide protection against different types of electric faults like short-circuit, overcurrent, overload, etc. Therefore, MCB is considered an electrical protection device. MCBs are primarily used in low-voltage electrical circuits like house wiring, commercial wiring, etc. They are not commonly used in high-voltage industrial applications. The main function of an MCB is to protect an electric circuit from damages due to flow of excessive current. This article is meant for explaining the following major concepts related to MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) ... Read More
A power system is an interconnected network of electrical components such as alternators, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, and electrical loads. Each of these components are sensitive to different types of faults or abnormal conditions. For example, a transformer can burn due to overloading or short-circuit. Therefore, it is desirable to implement such systems that can protect these highly expensive electrical equipment from damage. This practice of implementing protection systems for power system or its components is referred to as power system protection. In this article, we will explain in detail the components, important terms, and the importance of power ... Read More
A protective relay is an electrical switch which can automatically operate when a fault or any other abnormal conditions occur in the electrical system. It sends a signal to turn on the alarm or indicator or trip a circuit breaker to separate the faulty part from the healthy section. The primary function of a protective relay in an electrical circuit or system is to sense the fault and initiate the operation of a circuit breaker to which it is connected. A protective relay is one of the most important components of an electrical protection system, as it is entirely ... Read More
In the field of electrical engineering and power systems, a fault is an abnormal condition that can result in damages to the circuit. Hence, a fault is nothing but a defect in the power system. When a fault occurs in a power system, we need a "power system protection" scheme that can isolate the faulty part from the healthy part. In this article, we will learn about basic definition of a fault in power system, its main causes and effects. So, let’s get started with the basic definition of the electrical fault in power system. What is a Fault in ... Read More
The main difference between primary protection and backup protection is in their functionality. Primary Protection is provided to quickly detect the fault and isolate the faulty section from the healthy part, while Backup Protection is provided to isolate the faulty and healthy parts if the primary protection fails. In this article, we will discuss in detail about the primary and backup protections used in power systems along with the major differences between them. So, let’s begin with a basic introduction of primary and secondary protections. What is Primary Protection? Primary protection is defined as the initial layer of protection ... Read More
Resistance, inductance, and capacitance are three main parameters of an electric circuit. Resistance is defined as the measure of opposition in the flow of electric current. Inductance is defined as the measure of opposition in change in the direction and magnitude of the current. Whereas, capacitance is defined as the measure of opposition in change in the voltage. The resistance, inductance, and capacitance of a conductor depend on several factors like temperature, length, cross-sectional area, etc. In this article, we will discuss about all these factors affecting the resistance, inductance, and capacitance of a conductor. What is Resistance? In electrical ... Read More
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is an electronic device used for testing, research, and design applications. It is a device that helps us to display and analyze the electrical signals in the form of waveforms. In the field of electrical and electronics engineering, CRO is used to perform numerous operations like frequency measurement, waveform analysis, voltage measurement, amplitude measurement, testing and troubleshooting of electric circuits and systems. In this article, we will learn about cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) and its applications. Before that let us discuss the basics of CRO. What is a CRO? A CRO is an electronic testing device ... Read More
A circuit breaker is a switchgear device used in electrical system to interrupt the flow of electric current in the circuit. It is used for either switching or protection purposes. In this article, we will learn about circuit breakers, their types, characteristics, standard ratings, and applications. So, let’s start with the basics of circuit breaker. What is a Circuit Breaker? A circuit breaker is an automatic electrical switching device used in power system to interrupt the current in case of faults or abnormal conditions. A circuit breaker is similar to a normal electrical switch but it can also perform switching ... Read More