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The directed flow of charge (free electrons) is called electric current. In other words, the electric current is defined as the rate of flow charge (free electrons). It is represented by 𝐼 or 𝑖 and measured in Amperes (A). i.e.$$I=\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{ne}{t}\:\:Ampere(A)$$Where, Q = ne, and e = 1.6 X 10-19 C.In differential form, $$i=\frac{dq}{dt}$$How electric current flows?In the figure, the copper conductor has a large number of free electrons. When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across it, the free electrons (negatively charged) starts moving towards the positive terminal of the source. This directed flow free electrons is called as electric ... Read More
Electrical Circuit Devices are essential components of electrical and electronic circuits. There are several devices that are present in electrical and electronic circuits. Some important circuit devices are as follows −SourcesSwitchesConnectorsCircuit Protection DevicesLoadsSourcesA source of electrical energy is a device that delivers energy into a system. These devices create potential difference, which in turn causes electric current to flow in a circuit. Examples of typical electrical sources include Generators, Cells, Batteries and Photovoltaic Cells etc.Generators – There are two types of electric generators viz. AC generator and DC generator.Cells and Batteries – An Electrical cell is a device which can ... Read More
To understand the transient response of the second order system, consider the block diagram of closed loop system with unity negative feedback.The open loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$G(s)=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s(s+2\zeta\:\omega_{n})}$$And the closed loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)}=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s^{2}+2\zeta\:\omega_{n}s+\omega_{n}^{2}} \:\:\:\:...(1)$$Where, R(s) = Laplace transform of the input signal r(t), C(s) = Laplace transform of the output signal c(t), ξ= Damping Ration, Ωn = Natrural frequency of oscillations.As from the equation (1), we can see, the power of s is two in the denominator term. Thus, the transfer function represents a second ... Read More
ResistorThe measure of opposition offered by the substance in the flow electric current is known as Resistance of the substance and the element that possess the resistance is called a Resistor. The circuit symbol of resistor is shown in the figure below.Types of ResistorsThe resistor are broadly classified into two types –Fixed ResistorsVariable ResistorsFixed ResistorsThe fixed resistor is defined as the resistor whose resistance value does not change with the any change in temperature or voltage. These resistors are available in different shapes and sizes. The main function of an ideal fixed resistance gives a stable resistance in all situations. ... Read More
Concept of Electromotive Force (EMF)The electromotive force (EMF) of a source, is a measure of the energy the source gives to each coulomb of charge. The EMF is measured in volts (V).At first sight, the name EMF implies that it is a force that causes the current to flow but this not correct, because it is not a force but energy supplied to the charge by some source of energy such as a battery. The EMF maintains potential difference while the potential difference causes current to flow.Difference between EMF and Potential DifferenceAs we know, the EMF of the battery is ... Read More
The superposition theorem is used in solving a network in which two or more sources are present and connected not in series or in parallel.Statement of Superposition TheoremIf two or more voltage or current sources are acting simultaneously in a linear network, the resultant current in any branch is the algebraic sum of the currents that would be produced in it, when each source acts alone and all other independent sources are replaced by their internal resistances.Explanation of Superposition TheoremIn the circuit given below, we have to find the branch currents viz. i1, i2, i3 by using superposition theorem.Step 1 ... Read More
A Voltaic cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of spontaneous (natural) redox reactions into electrical energy. The Voltaic cell is also called as Galvanic cell.The voltaic cell is named after its inventor Alessandro Volta in 1799.In redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions, the electrons are moved between two different species and if these reactions occur spontaneously then energy is released as a result of these reactions. Therefore, the released energy is used to do work. To deal with this energy, it is necessary to split the reaction into two half reactions – Oxidation and Reduction. By using two different ... Read More
Suppose we have a number N, we have to find the longest distance between two consecutive 1's in its binary representation. If there are no two-consecutive 1's, then return 0.So, if the input is like 71, then the output will be 4, because 71 in binary is 1000111. Now there are four ones, and first 1 and the second 1 are at distance 4. All others are one distance away. So longest distance is 4 here.To solve this, we will follow these steps −K := make a list of bits of binary representation of NMax := 0, C := 0, ... Read More
Suppose we have a string s. We have to find longest nice substring of s. For a string s, it will be said to nice when, for every letter of the alphabet in s, it appears in uppercase and lowercase both. If there are multiple such substring, then return the substring of the earliest occurrence.So, if the input is like s = "ZbybBbz", then the output will be "bBb" as this contains lowercase and uppercase B's.To solve this, we will follow these steps −cur_max:= -1res:= blank stringfor i in range 0 to size of s, doc := s[i]upper := a ... Read More
Suppose we have two strings s and t. We have to merge them by adding letters in alternating fashion, starting from s. If s and t are not of same length, add the extra letters onto the end of the merged string.So, if the input is like s = "major" t = "general", then the output will be "mgaejnoerral", as t is larger than s, so we have added extra part "ral" at the end.To solve this, we will follow these steps −i := j := 0result := blank stringwhile i < size of s and j < size of ... Read More