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Beginning of Conservatism post-1815
Introduction
During the 19th century, the colonial powers inflicted great injustice and used their colonies to their interest and this made the public intolerant which paved way for the reactions toward conservatism and it ended in uplifting nationalism among the public.
Conservatism, in simple terms, is a philosophy that gives importance to the present customs and traditions; it is a barrier to development and quick change so instead of adopting new ideologies and updated functional government elements like a parliamentary form of government a conservative state adopts monarchy according to their traditions. This conservative philosophy was revived after 1815 because during the Napolean era, the position of the church and clergy had weakened which got resentment from a section of society. It also made administrative changes and even introduced the uniform civil code knows Napoleanic code which further angered the people. So by adopting conservative philosophy, the state would be restored into a pre napoleon era.
Consequences of Conservative Ideology
By adopting this approach, they supported serfdom and continued the feudalistic character of the state and it further weakened the army and bureaucracy and the economy was no more dynamic but became more closed. As most of Europe supported this, they started to undo what Napolean did and as the first step in that direction.
In 1815, the Treaty of Vienna was created. According to this treaty, the bourbon dynasty was restored to power, the Netherlands was set up as a kingdom in the north, and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South. At the boundaries of France, a series of states were positioned to avoid France expansion, Prussia was given more territory and North Italy was controlled by Austria, Russia was given part of Poland and Prussia given part of Saxony. Only the 39 confederations created by Napolean was left untouched.
By adopting the Treaty of Vienna, the main aim was to restore monarchies overthrown by Napolean. These regimes, created in 1815, were totally autocratic in nature; they did not tolerate dissent or criticism, and detention of citizens who questioned the government was normal and they controlled the press by imposing censorship laws that filtered the news which went against the government and banned newspapers which were critical about government policy.
Even the books, plays, or songs which outlined the idea of liberty or freedom was banned. Even though the monarchies did this to stop the spread of ideas which inspired liberty, in reality it achieved a new wave of revolutionaries which were the Liberals - nationalists who bared the idea of the French revolution and advocated for freedom and their main objection was towards the conservative strategies which suppressed the freedom of the press.
Conservatism and Revolutionaries
The objection toward the government policies gave birth to many liberal – nationalists and they were tagged as revolutionaries now the government turned towards these revolutionaries which made them go underground and this eventually led to the creation of multiple secret societies which trained revolutionaries and their ideas. To be a revolutionary doesn’t mean that one has to commit violence or one has to break the law of the land, people were branded as revolutionary because they opposed monarchies activities after the Vienna Congress and if one fought for liberty and freedom he too was named as revolutionary.
The Emergence of Leaders
Among the revolutionaries was an individual named Giussepe Mazzini who believed in the making of nation-states and who fought for freedom and liberty. He was born in Genoa in 1807 and he became a member of a secret society of the Carbonari.
Mazzini founded the Young Italy secret society which believed in Italy’s unification and his movement for Italy unit was known as Risorgimento. He firmly opposed monarchy and advocated a republic state. He firmly believed that GOD intended nations to be natural units of mankind. His vision was to have a single unified Italy which had a wider alliance of other nations and this unification would be the basis of Italian liberty. Through his model, secret societies sprang up in Germany, France, Switzerland, and Poland. Mazzini not only gave the people a new direction for freedom, but through his Young Italy, many individuals fought for a unified Italy. Among them was Giuseppe Garibaldi who was one of the famous freedom fighters of Italy. Following these events, an upheaval took place in France in 1815. The Bourbon King was restored after the conservative movement was overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed Louise Phillip at its head.
Conclusion
Following incidents paved the way for Italian unification and German unification. So the conservative philosophy propagated during 1815 was the initial reason for republican ideologies and this further culminated in the European trend where the monarchies were disregarded and a new age of nationalism emerge.
FAQs
Qns 1. What were the features of the Vienna Treaty?
Ans.
Alsace-Loraine was given to France and Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium.
East Germany was given to Poland and Memelland was under French supervision .
Saarland was under the league of nations but France was given control over its coal as a result there was a demilitarized zone between France and Germany.
Germany was to pay an unspecified amount as compensation and was given the responsibility of causing the war.
Qns 2. Who was Guissepe Mazzini?
Ans. Mazzini was born in 1807 in Genoa he was a member of a secret society called Carbonari. He was passionate about his country and his ideals were Liberta and Partia meaning liberty and homeland and these two were the pillars that formed his creed. But he also places his God at the root of his creed from which his motto formed “GOD and the People” which concluded his view that human agency followed a divine path. He was committed to the cause of a free independent republic and united Italy. He published his first essay in 1837 named Dellamor Patrio di Dante (on Dante’s patriotic love). He founded a society called ‘La Giovine Italia or Young Italy aimed at promoting Italian unification.
Qns 3. Who was Guissepe Garibaldi?
Ans. He is one of Camillo Cavour, Victor Emmanuel 2, and Guissepe Mazzini who is recognized as Italy’s Father of Fatherland. He fought and led military missions which eventually led to Italy’s Unification. He had notable oratory skills which were used to rouse the common people to take action for their motherland which led to the unification of Italy. He was named a Hero of two worlds because of his successful military expeditions in Uruguay and Brazil. He was also considered as a close ally of The United States and The United Kingdom offering him financial and military support in difficult circumstances
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