Selection of top or bottom elements can be done with the help of head and tail function in R. It is required when we want to understand the data in a vector or perform some calculation for partial data.ExampleConsider the below vectors, we will use head and tail to select ... Read More

Sometimes the lists are contained in another list but we want to access the nested list’s elements. Since these elements are part of a list then cannot be directly accessed, first we need to access the broader list and then the list that contains the element to reach the actual ... Read More

When we deal with large data then the problem of printing the data or output of the analysis arises. Due to this problem, it becomes difficult to have a look at our complete but it can be avoided. Before importing any large data or performing any calculation that may result ... Read More

The aspect ratio of a chart can be changed in ggplot2 and this will be useful if we want a smaller image of the chart. Sometimes, we don’t have large space where the chart will be pasted therefore this functionality becomes useful. Mostly, in research reports we see charts that ... Read More

The warning “removed n rows containing missing values” occurs when we incorrectly specify the range of the values for X-axis or Y-axis. We can this range in ggplot function using scale_x_continuous(limits=c(?, ?)) for x axis and scale_y_continuous(limits=c(?, ?)) for y axis. If the range will be larger than the actual ... Read More

Since visualization is an essential part of data analysis, we should make sure that the plots are created in a form that is easily readable for users. For this purpose, the facets in a bar chart helps us to understand the factor variable levels for another factor. To create such ... Read More

There are some annoying messages we get while loading a package in R and they are not useful until and unless we are not loading a new package. Since these messages looks like outputs they might be confusing especially when we are analysing string data. Therefore, we must get rid ... Read More

Both Last() and LastOrDefault() will fetch the last occurrence of a value. But the major difference between Last() and LastOrDefault() is that Last() will throw an exception if there is no result data for the supplied criteria whereas LastOrDefault() will return the default value (null) if there is no result ... Read More

Yield keyword helps to do custom stateful iteration over a collection. Meaning when we use yield keyword the control moves back and forth from the caller function to source and vice versa.Example Live Demousing System; using System.Collections.Generic; namespace DemoApplication {    class Program {       static List numbersList = ... Read More

Generics allows us to define a class with placeholders for the type of its fields, methods, parameters, etc. Generics replace these placeholders with some specific type at compile time. A generic can be defined using angle brackets . A primary limitation of collections is the absence of effective type checking. ... Read More