When we have one common column in two data frames then joining of those data frames might be used to create a bigger data frame. This will help us to analyze a combined data set with many characteristics. We can do this by using inner_join function of dplyr package.ExampleConsider the ... Read More

Sometimes the data type for a variable is not correct and it is very common that a factor variable is read as a numeric variable, especially in cases where factor levels are represented by numbers. If we do not change the data type of a factor variable then the result ... Read More

An empty matrix can be created in the same way as we create a regular matrix in R but we will not provide any value inside the matrix function. The number of rows and columns can be different and we don’t need to use byrow or bycol argument while creating ... Read More

When we create a boxplot, it shows the minimum value, maximum value, first quartile, median, and the third quartile but we might want to plot means as well so that the comparison between factor levels can be made on the basis of means also. To create this type of plot, ... Read More

Legends help us to differentiate the values of the response variable while creating the scatterplot. In this way, we can understand how one level of a factor variable affects the response variable. The legend is preferred to be positioned at left bottom, top right, top left, and bottom right. We ... Read More

In data analysis, we often deal with factor variables and these factor variables have different levels. Sometimes, we want to create subset of the data frame in R for specific factor levels to analyze the data only for that particular level of the factor variable. This can be simply done ... Read More

To convert a vector into matrix, just need to use matrix function. We can also define the number of rows and columns, if required but if the number of values in the vector are not a multiple of the number of rows or columns then R will throw an error ... Read More

A stacked bar plot consists multiple bars in one bar, it shows one category for a categorical variable with its levels. Mostly, the stacked bar chart is created with the count of the levels in each category but if we want to create it with percentage for individual categories of ... Read More

Lagged variable is the type of variable that contains the previous value of the variable for which we want to create the lagged variable and the first value is neglected. Therefore, we will always have one missing value in each of the groups, if we are creating a lagged variable ... Read More

When we multiple a matrix with a vector in R, the multiplication is done by column but if we want to do it with rows then we can use transpose function. We can multiply the transpose of the matrix with the vector and then take the transpose of that multiplication ... Read More