The flooding of large surfaces with light through powerful projectors, where the light sources are concentrated into narrow light beams using specific reflectors is known as flood lighting. Flood lighting is an artificial light with high-intensity, broad beam.Purpose of Flood LightingThe flood lighting may be employed for the following purposes ... Read More

A thermal power station or steam power plant is a generating station which converts the heat energy of coal combustion into electrical energy.To achieve overall economy in power generation, the following factors should be considered while selecting a site for a thermal power plant −Supply of Fuel (Coal)The thermal plant ... Read More

The irregularities formed in the given weld metal due to wrong welding process or incorrect welding patterns, etc. are known as welding defects.The following table elaborates the different types of welding defects, their causes, and how to prevent these defects −The irregularities formed in the given weld metal due to ... Read More

Mechanism of Train MovementThe essential mechanism of an electric locomotive is shown in the figure below.Here, the armature of the driving motor has a pinion of the diameter d1 attached to it. The tractive effort at the edge of the pinion is transferred to the driving wheel by means of ... Read More

There are two types of AC system of track electrification −Single-Phase Low-Frequency AC System (15 kV to 25 kV at 16$\frac{2}{3}$ Hz, 25 Hz and 50 Hz)Three-Phase AC System (3.3 kV to 3.6 kV at 16$\frac{2}{3}$ Hz)Single-Phase Low-Frequency AC SystemIn a single-phase low-frequency system of track electrification, an AC voltage ... Read More

The speed-time curve of a main line service is best and most easily replaced by trapezoid. The figure shows the simplified trapezoidal speed-time curve for the main line service.Let, $\mathit{V_{m}}$ = Crest speed in kmph$\alpha$ = Acceleration in kmphps$\beta$ = Retardation in kmphpsT = Total time of run in seconds$\mathit{t_{\mathrm{1}}}$ = ... Read More

For urban and suburban services, the simplified quadrilateral speed-time curve of electric traction is shown in the figure.Let, $\alpha$ = Acceleration in kmphps$\beta$ = Braking retardation in kmphps$\beta_{c}$ = Coasting retardation in kmphpsV1 = Maximum speed at the end of acceleration in kmphV2 = Speed at the end of coasting ... Read More

Crest Speed of Electric TrainThe maximum speed attained by an electric train during running is termed as its "crest speed". It is denoted by Vm.Average Speed of Electric TrainAverage speed is defined as the mean of the speeds attained by the electric train from start to stop. In other words, ... Read More

An electric motor which is used to provide the primary rotational torque to a machine such as electric locomotives, elevators, conveyors, trolley buses and other electric vehicles etc. is described as a traction motor.General Features of Traction MotorsThe general features of the electric motors used for traction purpose are classified ... Read More

An electric traction system is the type of traction system that uses electrical energy for the movement of vehicle at any stage.The electric traction system is classified into two groups as −Self-contained vehicles or locomotives (Ex. – battery-electric drive and diesel-electric drive)Vehicles or locomotives which receive electric power from a ... Read More