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Articles by Bhanu Priya
Page 13 of 107
What is delay, the performance metric of the network layer?
The performance of a network can be measured in terms of Delay, Throughput, and Packet Loss. Network delay is a critical performance metric that affects user experience and application performance. Let us understand the concept of delay and its various types in network communication. What is Network Delay? Network delay is the total time taken for a packet to travel from its source to its destination. As a packet traverses through the network, it encounters multiple types of delays at different stages of its journey. Four Types of Network Delay ...
Read MoreWhat is the performance of ethernet and token ring under light traffic load?
Ethernet is a widely used computer networking technology for connecting devices in Local Area Networks (LANs). It allows multiple computers to access a shared medium and transmit data using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). Token Ring is a networking technology that connects stations in a ring topology, where data transmission is controlled by passing a special frame called a token around the ring. Ethernet vs Token Ring Topology Ethernet (Bus) Node Node ...
Read MoreWhat are issues in congestion control and how is it handled in TCP/IP?
Network congestion occurs when the demand for network resources exceeds the available capacity, leading to degraded performance. Congestion control is critical in maintaining network stability and ensuring fair resource allocation among users. When a sender transmits more packets than the network can handle, routers become overwhelmed and must queue or discard packets. This creates a cascade effect where retransmissions further increase network load, worsening the congestion problem. Impact on Network Performance Delay-Based Issues Network delay consists of propagation delay (time for signal to travel) and processing delay (time for routers to process packets). When network load ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between infrastructure mode and the ad hoc mode of IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 architecture supports two fundamental modes of operation that define how wireless devices communicate with each other. Understanding these modes is crucial for network deployment and management. Infrastructure Mode Infrastructure mode is the most widely used wireless networking configuration where all wireless clients connect through a central Access Point (AP). The AP serves as a bridge between the wireless network and other networks such as the internet or corporate intranet. Infrastructure Mode Access Point ...
Read MoreWhat are issues in congestion and Flow control in LANs?
Let us understand the concept of flow control and congestion control in LANs and the key issues that arise with each approach. Flow Control Flow control is handled by the receiving side and ensures that a sender transmits data only at a rate that the receiver can process and handle effectively. Flow control provides a mechanism to ensure that communication flows smoothly between sender and receiver. For example, if a sender has a high-speed fiber connection but the receiver is on a slower dial-up connection, the sender must throttle its transmission rate to match the receiver's capacity. ...
Read MoreWhat is Implementation of connection less services?
Connectionless service is a network communication method where packets are sent independently without establishing a dedicated path beforehand. In this service model, packets are often called datagrams because each packet is individually injected into the network and routed independently, similar to how telegrams are sent. Unlike connection-oriented services that require establishing a virtual circuit before data transmission, connectionless services require no advance setup. Networks using this approach are called datagram networks or datagram subnets. Connectionless Service Implementation Host H1 ...
Read MoreImplementation of connection-oriented services
We need a virtual-circuit subnet for connection-oriented service. Virtual circuits were designed to avoid having to choose a new route for every packet sent, providing a more efficient and predictable communication path. Instead, a route from the source machine to the destination machine is chosen as part of the connection setup and stored in tables inside the routers when a connection is established. That route is utilized for all traffic flowing over the connection, exactly the same manner as telephone networks operate. The virtual circuit is terminated when the connection is released. In connection-oriented service, every packet carries ...
Read MoreWhat are security issues in IP protocol?
There are three major security vulnerabilities that affect the IP protocol in network communications. These security issues arise because IP was originally designed for a trusted network environment and lacks built-in security mechanisms. Packet Sniffing Packet Modification IP Spoofing Let us examine each security issue and understand how they can compromise network communications. Packet Sniffing Packet sniffing occurs when an unauthorized party intercepts and copies IP packets as they traverse the network. This is typically a passive attack where the attacker simply observes network traffic without altering it. The primary danger of packet ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of ICMP message types?
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is a network layer protocol that reports errors and provides diagnostic information about network connectivity issues. ICMP messages are categorized into specific types, each identified by a unique type number and accompanied by detailed codes. ICMP message types are divided into two main categories: Error Reporting Messages − Notify about network errors and problems Query Messages − Request and provide network status information ICMP Message Types Error Reporting ...
Read MoreWhat is the concept of datagram packet switching?
In a packet switching network, data is transmitted between sender and receiver in the form of packets without requiring a dedicated physical path. Large messages are subdivided into multiple packets and reassembled at the destination. Datagram packet switching is one of two main types of packet switching where each packet independently finds its own route to the destination, making routing decisions at each intermediate node. Types of Packet Switching Packet switching networks are classified into two main types: Datagram packet switching − Each packet is routed independently Virtual circuit packet switching − A predetermined path ...
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