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Page 2022 of 2109
Bayes Theorem for Conditional Probability in C/C++
Conditional probability denoted by P(A|B) is the probability of occurrence of an event ‘A’ given that event ‘B’ has already occurred.Formula for conditional probability −P(A|B) = P( A⋂B ) / P(B)Bayes’s TheoremIt is the formula that shows the relation between probabilities of occurrences of mutually dependent events i.e. it given the relation between their conditional probabilities.Given an event A and another event B, according to bayes’ theorem, P(A/B) = {P(B/A) * P(A)} / P(B)Lets derive the formula for Bayes’ theorem, For this we will use the formula for conditional probability, P(A|B) = P( A?B ) / P(B) —— 1 P(B|A) ...
Read Moreattributes in C++
Attributes are modern ways in C++ to standardize things if their code runs on different compilers. Attributes are used to provide some extra information that is used to enforce conditions (constraints), optimization and do specific code generation if required.These are like an information manual for the compilers to do some enforcing which will improve performance of the code. Attributes were first seen in C++ 11 and are important parts of the programming language since then, Also with every version some revisions are continuously made to make them more powerful and better.Let’s see how we can define attributes in C++For different ...
Read MorePrint all permutations with repetition of characters in C++
In this problem, we are given a string of n characters and we have to print all permutations of characters of the string. Repeating of characters of the string is allowed. The printing of permutation should be done in alphabetical order (lexicographically sorted order).Let’s take an example to understand the topic better :Input − XYOutput − XX, XY, YX, YYTo solve this problem, we need to use fix and recur logic. Here, we will fix one element at first index of the array and then recursively call for the next elements in the sequence.Let’s see an implementation example which will ...
Read MorePreconditions - Java
Precondition to check if the list passed as parameter is empty or not. Let us see an example −Examplepublic void my_fun(List myList){ if (myList == null){ throw new IllegalArgumentException("List is null"); } if (myList.isEmpty()){ throw new IllegalArgumentException("List is empty"); } my_fun(myList); }A void function named ‘my_fun’ is defined that takes a list of objects as its parameters. If the list is null, it prints the relevant message. If the list has no elements in it, a specific message is displayed. The function is called by passing the list as ...
Read MoreJava program to List all files in a directory and nested sub-directory - Recursive approach
To list all files in a directory and nested sub-directory, the Java program is as follows −Exampleimport java.io.File; public class Demo{ static void print_recursively(File[] my_arr, int my_index, int sub_level){ if(my_index == my_arr.length) return; for (int i = 0; i < sub_level; i++) System.out.print("\t"); if(my_arr[my_index].isFile()) System.out.println(my_arr[my_index].getName()); else if(my_arr[my_index].isDirectory()){ System.out.println("[" + my_arr[my_index].getName() + "]"); print_recursively(my_arr[my_index].listFiles(), 0, sub_level + 1); } ...
Read MorePerl vs Java
JavaJava is an object oriented programming language as well as a computing platform.It is safe, quick and reliable.The code in Java is first converted into bytecode and then executed using a JVM (Java Virtual Machine).The java program that is converted into bytecode is stored with the help of the extension ‘.class’.Java doesn’t give any specific way in which associative arrays could be stored, instead there are implementations of various hash functions.Java programs that need to be run are stored with the extension ‘.java’.Java is a statically typed language, i.e type checking is performed during compile-time (not run-time).Single line comments in ...
Read MorePackage Imports in JShell of Java 9
In general, 10 packages are imported using the JShell.The following command shows the packages that were imported by default.jshell> /importOutputimport java.io.* import java.math.* import java.net.* import java.nio.file* import java.sql.* import java.util.* import java.util.regex* import java.util.function* import java.util.prefs* import java.util.stream.*Importing a specific package using JShelljshell> import java.util.*;
Read MoreHow to write text and output it as a text file using R?
The easiest way to write text and obtain it as an output is done by using writeLines function and cat function, and the output of these functions are connected with the help fileConn and sink.Example> fileConn writeLines(c("TutorialsPoint", "SIMPLY EASY LEARNING"), fileConn) > close(fileConn)We can do the same and view these files in R as follows −> fileConn writeLines(c(paste("TutorialsPoint", "E-learning"), "2006", "Video Courses", "Tutorials", "Books"), fileConn) > close(fileConn) > file.show("example.txt")Using sink function> sink("example3.txt") > cat("TutorialsPoint", "E-learning") > cat("") > cat("2006") > cat("") > cat("Video Courses") > cat("") > cat("Tutorials") > cat("") > cat("Books") > sink()Using only cat function> cat("TutorialsPoint E-learning", ...
Read MoreWhat is the use of tilde operator (~) in R?
Tilde operator is used to define the relationship between dependent variable and independent variables in a statistical model formula. The variable on the left-hand side of tilde operator is the dependent variable and the variable(s) on the right-hand side of tilde operator is/are called the independent variable(s). So, tilde operator helps to define that dependent variable depends on the independent variable(s) that are on the right-hand side of tilde operator.Example> Regression_Model Regression_Data Regression_Model_New < - lm(y~ . , data = Regression_Data)This will have the same output as the previous model, but we cannot use tilde with dot if ...
Read MoreHow to simulate discrete uniform random variable in R?
There is no function in base R to simulate discrete uniform random variable like we have for other random variables such as Normal, Poisson, Exponential etc. but we can simulate it using rdunif function of purrr package.The rdunif function has the following syntax −> rdunif(n, b , a)Here, n = Number of random values to returnb = Maximum value of the distribution, it needs to be an integer because the distribution is discretea = Minimum value of the distribution, it needs to be an integer because the distribution is discreteExampleLet’s say you want to simulate 10 ages between 21 to ...
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