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R Programming Articles
Page 63 of 174
How to create boxplot using mean and standard deviation in R?
The main statistical parameters that are used to create a boxplot are mean and standard deviation but in general, the boxplot is created with the whole data instead of these values. If we don’t have whole data but mean and standard deviation are available then the boxplot can be created by finding all the limits of a boxplot using mean as a measure of central tendency.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> df dfOutputmean sd Category 1 24 1.1 A 2 25 2.1 B 3 27 1.5 C 4 24 1.8 DLoading ggplot2 package and creating the boxplot of each category in ...
Read MoreHow to find the 95% confidence interval for the glm model in R?
To find the confidence interval for a lm model (linear regression model), we can use confint function and there is no need to pass the confidence level because the default is 95%. This can be also used for a glm model (general linear model). Check out the below examples to see the output of confint for a glm model.Example1> set.seed(3214) > x1 y1 Model1 summary(Model1)OutputCall: glm(formula = y1 ~ x1, family = "binomial") Deviance Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -1.6360 -1.4156 0.7800 0.8567 0.9946 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|) (Intercept) 0.34851 1.17554 0.296 0.767 x1 ...
Read MoreHow to name a data frame column with a vector value that has the same name in R?
To change the column name of a data frame in R, we can use setNames function. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains column x and we want to change it to value “Ratings” which is stored in a vector called x then we can use the code df x y yOutput x 1 3 2 8 3 3 4 9 5 5 6 5 7 10 8 2 9 6 10 6 11 3 12 5 13 9 14 1 15 1 16 6 17 2 18 6 19 10 20 6Changing x in y to Ratings:Example> y yOutputRatings 1 3 2 8 3 3 4 9 5 5 6 5 7 10 8 2 9 6 10 6 11 3 12 5 13 9 14 1 15 1 16 6 17 2 18 6 19 10 20 6Let’s have a look at another example:Example> S df_Salary df_SalaryOutput S 1 31827 2 24697 3 45790 4 45345 5 22294 6 30749 7 37721 8 33535 9 45941 10 24028 11 48927 12 33818 13 49152 14 43334 15 20294 16 29664 17 23358 18 20475 19 39355 20 40386Changing S in df_Salary to Salary:Example> df_Salary df_SalaryOutputSalary 1 31827 2 24697 3 45790 4 45345 5 22294 6 30749 7 37721 8 33535 9 45941 10 24028 11 48927 12 33818 13 49152 14 43334 15 20294 16 29664 17 23358 18 20475 19 39355 20 40386
Read MoreHow to generate orthogonal polynomials in R?
We can say that orthogonal is a synonym of perpendicular. If the inner product (inner product is generalization of dot product) of two polynomials is zero then we call them orthogonal polynomials. In R, we can find the orthogonal product by using poly function as shown in the below examples.Example1> x xOutput[1] 1.53798786 -0.85463326 2.39444451 0.82559418 -2.22197322 -1.04243823 [7] -0.04693054 -0.68691236 -1.63040923 -1.42408865Example> orthogonal_x orthogonal_xOutput 1 2 [1, ] 0.41743651 -0.01687537 [2, ] -0.12158589 -0.21414848 [3, ] 0.61038362 0.54027924 [4, ] ...
Read MoreHow to replace $ sign combined with some specific values in an R data frame?
Sometimes we get very dirty data and that is the reason data analysis is a difficult task. Most of the data scientists look for clean data but it is almost impossible due to data warehouses often just focus on the data availability instead of the quality of data. One of the head scratching situations is getting an unnecessary value placed at different position in a random manner, $ sign is also a that type of value. We can remove this from an R data frame by using lapply function.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> x y df1 df1Outputx y 1 C ...
Read MoreHow to create a matrix using vector generated with rep function in R?
Matrix can be only generated if we pass an even number of elements for it. If we want to create a matrix using vector generated with rep function then the length of this vector must be divisible by 2. For example, if we have a vector x that is created with rep function and it’s length is 20 then the matrix say M of size 10x2 using that vector can be constructed by using matrix(x, ncol=2).Example 1> x M1 M1Output[, 1] [, 2] [1, ] 10 10 [2, ] 4 4 [3, ] 7 7 [4, ] 3 3 [5, ...
Read MoreHow to create a data frame in R with list elements?
If a list has the same length of elements (not sub-elements) as the length of each vector for which we want to create the data frame then we first need to create the data frame of vectors then we can easily add the list into the data frame. But if we have a list and other vectors then data frame cannot be created as data.frame function will read each value of the list separately.Example> df1 df1Output x y 1 6 1 2 8 1 3 6 2 4 8 1 5 5 1 6 3 1 7 6 1 8 ...
Read MoreHow to replace missing values in a column with corresponding values in other column of an R data frame?
Often, we get missing data for analysis and we need to replace those missing values with something. Sometimes, we might want to replace them with the corresponding values in other column especially in situations when both the columns depict similar characteristics. This type of replacement can be easily done with the help of mutate function of dplyr package as shown in the below examples.Example1Consider the below data frame:> set.seed(214) > x1 x2 df1 df1Output x1 x2 1 4 75 2 8 24 3 5 38 4 4 38 5 7 NA 6 6 24 7 10 75 8 4 75 9 ...
Read MoreHow to extract columns based on particular column values of an R data frame that matchna pattern?
The column values of an R data frame can be easily extracted by subsetting with single square brackets but if we want to extract the column values that match a pattern then we need to use grepl function inside single square brackets, this will help us to match the pattern of the values in the data frame columns.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(271) > x1 x2 df1 df1Output x1 x2 1 A242 B71 2 A123 B71 3 A242 B81 4 A242 B87 5 A123 B71 6 A321 B71 7 A187 ...
Read MoreHow to create an empty plot using ggplot2 in R?
The two most easy ways to create an empty plot using ggplot2 are using geom_blank function and also adding the theme_bw along with the geom_blank. The geom_blank will create an empty plot with white gridlines and grey background, on the other hand, addition of theme_bw will create the empty plot with grey gridlines and white background.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(151) > x y df dfOutput x y 1 -0.05153895 0.3139643 2 0.76573738 0.1816184 3 -0.14673959 0.8201743 4 -0.11318581 1.6005576 5 -0.39551140 0.6770630 6 0.78227595 0.7446956 7 -1.39747811 0.7004385 8 -1.01883832 1.2728014 9 ...
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