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R Programming Articles
Page 61 of 174
How to remove rows that contains all zeros in an R data frame?
Often, we get missing data and sometimes missing data is filled with zeros if zero is not the actual range for a variable. In this type of situations, we can remove the rows where all the values are zero. For this purpose, we can use rowSums function and if the sum is greater than zero then keep the row otherwise neglect it.Example1y1
Read MoreHow to generate the permutation of x values in y positions with fixed row sums in R?
To generate a permutation of x values in y positions, we can use expand.grid function. For example, if we want to generate three columns for the range of values 0 to 5 then it can be done in R by using the below command −x
Read MoreHow to remove continuously repeated duplicates in an R data frame column?
Often values are repeated that generate duplication in the data and we might want to get rid of those values if they are not likely to create bias in the output of the analysis. For example, if we have a column that defines a process and we take the output of the process five times but it takes the same output all the time then we might want to use only one output.Example1ID
Read MoreHow to create stacked barplot using barplot function in R?
To create a stacked barplot using barplot function we need to use matrix instead of a data frame object because in R barplot function can be used for a vector or for a matrix only. We must be very careful if we want to create a stacked bar plot using barplot function because bar plots are created for count data only. Here, you will see some examples of count as well as continuous data, carefully read the graphs and understand how the graphs are different from each other.Example1M1
Read MoreHow to extract the model equation from model object in R?
To extract the model equation model object, we can use the model object name with dollar sign and call function. For example, if we have a model object name Model then the model equation can be extracted by using Model$call. This will directly present the equation that was used to create the model.Example1x1
Read MoreHow to create relative frequency table using dplyr in R?
The relative frequency is the proportion of something out of total. For example, if we have 5 bananas, 6 guava, 10 pomegranates then the relative frequency of banana would be 5 divided by the total sum of 5, 6, and 10 that is 21 hence it can be also called proportional frequency.Example1y%mutate(freq=n/sum(n)) `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument) # A tibble: 2 x 3Outputy n freq 1 Female 11 0.55 2 Male 9 0.45 Warning message: `...` is not empty. We detected these problematic arguments: * `needs_dots` These dots only exist to allow future extensions and should be empty. Did you misspecify an argument?
Read MoreHow to create multiple lines chart with unique line types in R?
Line types can be very different and they are helpful to differentiate among different variables. Mostly, it is used to plot trend data so that the trend for different variables can be visualized with a unique line. In R, we can use matplot function to create such type of multiple lines chart.Example1M1
Read MoreWhy scale_fill_manual does not fill the bar with colors created by using ggplot2 in R?
We can manually fill the color of bars in a bar plot which is created by using ggplot2 but for this we would be needing color aesthetics already used for the bars. That means we need to use filling of bars inside aes of ggplot2 and then the colors can be mentioned inside the scale_fill_manual function.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> x count df dfOutputx count 1 A 321 2 B 324 3 C 320 4 D 328Loading ggplot2 package and creating bar plot:Example> library(ggplot2) > ggplot(df, aes(x, count))+geom_bar(stat="identity")Output:Creating the bar plot by using scale_fill_manual:Example> ggplot(df, aes(x, count))+geom_bar(stat="identity")+scale_fill_manual(values=c("blue", "green", "grey", "yellow"))OutputThis ...
Read MoreHow to create a covariance matrix in R?
To create a covariance matrix, we first need to find the correlation matrix and a vector of standard deviations is also required. The correlation matrix can be found by using cor function with matrix object. For example, if we have matrix M then the correlation matrix can be found as cor(M). Now we can use this matrix to find the covariance matrix but we should make sure that we have the vector of standard deviations.Example1> M1 M1Output [, 1] [, 2] [, 3] ...
Read MoreHow to create a bar chart using plotly in R?
Plotly in R is a package specifically designed to create highly-interactive and publication-quality charts. The chart can be created by using plot_ly function of the package and there are three main arguments of plot_ly defined as x, y, and type, where x refers to the X-axis, y refers to the Y-axis and type refers to the chart type but the axes values are stored in a data frame or itself a shared.ExampleLoading plotly package:> library(plotly)Consider the below data frame:> x count df dfOutputx count 1 A 321 2 B 324 3 C 320 4 D 328Creating the bar plot for ...
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