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R Programming Articles
Page 49 of 174
How to generate a probability density distribution from a set of observations in R?
The probability density distribution is the synonym of probability density function. It is a function that defines the density of a continuous random variable. In R, we can use density function to create a probability density distribution from a set of observations.Examplex1
Read MoreHow to set comma as decimal separator in R?
In European countries, a comma is used to separate the integral part of a number from the decimal part. Thus, we might want to create data or perform calculations with comma as decimal separator. In R, we can do this by just using the code options(OutDec=", "). Once we will type this in R console, all the numerical values with decimals will be printed with commas in place of dots.Exampleoptions(OutDec=", ") rnorm(10)Output[1] 0, 14421957 -0, 24152088 -0, 05215867 -0, 40577010 0, 19806357 -1, 49349808 [7] 0, 91085263 0, 43550033 2, 64009603 1, 17177332Examplernorm(50)Output[1] -0, 56186368 -2, 11404777 0, 99584461 -2, ...
Read MoreHow to create a line chart using ggplot2 with larger width in R?
The width of the line chart can be increased by using size argument inside geom_line aesthetics of ggplot2. For example, if we have a data frame df that contains two numerical columns x and y, and we want to create a line chart between the two with larger width then it can be done as −ggplot(df)+geom_line(aes(x,y,size=2))ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to generate standard normal random numbers in R?
A standard normal distribution is the type of distribution that has mean equals to zero with standard deviation 1. If we want to generate standard normal random numbers then rnorm function of R can be used but need to pass the mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1 inside this function.Examplernorm(10, 0, 1)Output[1] 0.6936607 -0.7967657 -2.7544428 0.2688767 0.5278463 -1.5387568 [7] 1.1716632 -1.5033895 0.8112929 -1.0101065Examplernorm(50, 0, 1)Output[1] 2.58246666 -0.53083341 -0.57343343 1.08172756 1.30341849 -0.07440422 [7] -0.41869305 -0.96227706 -0.46899119 1.55428279 0.09162738 -0.96027221 [13] -0.84735327 -1.74949782 0.58541758 0.23117630 0.47402479 -0.72453853 [19] 0.07171564 1.13088794 0.18735157 0.25091758 -1.34728315 -0.39768159 [25] -0.38109955 -0.34019286 -1.51778561 -0.92222239 -1.22798041 ...
Read MoreHow to remove list elements by their name in R?
Data analysis not only includes mathematical operations, we have to spend a lot of time in data cleaning, data mining, feature engineering etc. One operation could be removing list elements by their name if they are not helpful to achieve our objective. The removal of the elements by using their names can be done with the help of which function.ExampleConsider the below list List1
Read MoreHow to perform one-way anova with unequal sample sizes in R?
To perform the one-way anova with sample sizes having different sizes we can use aov function. Suppose we have a categorical column defined as Group with four categories and a continuous variable Response both stored in a data frame called df then the one-way anova can be performed as −aov(Response~Group,data=df)ExampleConsider the below data frame −Group
Read MoreHow to create a scatterplot with regression line using ggplot2 with 0 intercept and slope equals to 1 in R?
To create a regression line with 0 intercept and slope equals to 1 using ggplot2, we can use geom_abline function but we need to pass the appropriate limits for the x axis and y axis values. For example, if we have two columns x and y in a data frame df and both have ranges starting from -1 to 1 then the scatterplot with regression line with 0 intercept and slope equals to 1 can be created as −ggplot(df,aes(x,y))+geom_point()+geom_abline()+lims(x=c(-1,1),y=c(-1,1))ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to convert multiple columns in an R data frame into a single numerical column along with a column having column names as factor?
When we receive data from any source, it is highly likely that it would not be a perfect data set for the intended analysis, therefore, we need to perform some cleaning or mining based on the characteristics of the data. For example, if we have a column name of a data frame as factor levels of a numerical variable then we might want to convert that data frame in such a way that numerical values are stored in a single column and the column names are stored in another column that will represent a factor so that we can apply ...
Read MoreHow to compare two columns in an R data frame for an exact match?
Sometimes analysis requires the user to check if values in two columns of an R data frame are exactly the same or not, this is helpful to analyze very large data frames if we suspect the comparative values in two columns. This can be easily done with the help of ifelse function.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to convert a time series object to a vector in R?
To convert a time series object into a vector, we just need to read that object with as.numeric and store it in some other object or in the same object. For example if we have a time series object x then it can be converted to a vector by using x
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