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R Programming Articles
Page 48 of 174
What is the use of pheatmap function in R?
The pheatmap function is used to create clustered heatmaps but we can change the aesthetics of the plot by using color argument which is one of the main functionalities of pheatmap function. There are many other arguments that differentiate pheatmap from heatmap function.Examplelibrary(pheatmap) M1
Read MoreHow to create a plot in base R without margins?
To create a plot without margins, we first need to define that margin in a way that the plot created after that will not have margins and this can be done by using par function. We would need to pass mar function within par function as par(mar=c(0,0,0,0)).Examplepar(mar=c(0,0,0,0)) plot(1:10)OutputExamplebarplot(1:10)Output
Read MoreHow to create a plot of Poisson distribution in R?
The Poisson distribution is a discrete distribution that has only one parameter named as lambda and it is the rate parameter. The rate parameter is defined as the number of events that occur in a fixed time interval. To create a plot of Poisson distribution in R, we can use the plot function with the density of the Poisson distribution using dpois function.Exampleplot(dpois(x=1:50,lambda=3))OutputExampleplot(dpois(x=1:50,lambda=3),type="l")OutputExampleplot(dpois(x=1:50,lambda=3),type="b")Output
Read MoreHow to create a matrix without column and row indices in R?
To create a matrix without column and row indices, we first need to create the matrix and then prmatrix function can be used to convert that matrix without column and row indices but we would need to provide the number of rows inside the function. For example, if we have a matrix M that contains 5 rows and 5 columns then it can be converted to a matrix without column and row indices using prmatrix(M,rowlab=rep("",5),collab=rep("",5)).ExampleM1
Read MoreHow to find the maximum of each row in an R data frame?
Sometimes we need maximum values, it helps us to identify which case or subject occurs at the greatest point hence we can understand the limit for the sample or population under study. If we want to find the maximum of values two or more columns for each row in an R data frame then pmax function can be used.ExampleConsider the below data frame −set.seed(1997) x1
Read MoreHow to remove duplicate rows and sort based on a numerical column an R data frame?
If we have duplicate rows in an R data frame then we can remove them by using unique function with data frame object name. And if we want to order the data frame with duplicate rows based on a numerical column then firstly unique rows should be found then order function can be used for sorting as shown in the below examples.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to create a classification model using svm for multiple categories in R?
SVM is a supervised machine learning algorithm which can be used for both classification or regression challenges but mostly we use it for classification. The classification using svm can be done for two or more categories as well. In R, we can use simply use svm function of e1071 package.ExampleConsider the iris data −str(iris)Output'data.frame': 150 obs. of 5 variables: $ Sepal.Length: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ... $ Sepal.Width : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ... $ Petal.Length: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 ...
Read MoreHow to find the table of ordered frequencies of vector elements in R?
We can create table of frequencies of a vector element by using table function and the ordering can be done by using sort function. If we want to order the frequencies in decreasing order then decreasing argument can be used. For example, if we have a vector x then the table of ordered frequencies can be created as sort(table(x)).Examplex1
Read MoreHow to divide row values of a numerical column based on categorical column values in an R data frame?
If we have a categorical column that has two or more categories and a numerical column then we might want to divide the one category numerical value from other category numerical value. This can be done by using divide sign / but we need to use the proper subset of the values.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to save list where each element contains equal number of values to a text file in R?
If we want to save a list to a text file then first step would be converting that list to a data frame then write.table function can be used for saving. For example, if we have a list defined as LIST and it has elements each containing 50 values then we can convert it to a data frame as −LIST_df=as.data.frame(do.call(cbind,LIST))Now we can save it as −write.table(LIST_df,"LIST.txt")ExampleConsider the below list −x1
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