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Programming Articles
Page 2232 of 2547
Result Type in Rust Programming
There are two types of errors that occur in Rust, either a recoverable error or an unrecoverable error. We handle the unrecoverable errors with the help of panic!macro and the Result type along with others help in handling the recoverable errors.The Result type is a better version of the Option type which only describes the possible error instead of the possible absence.SignatureThe signature of Result Type is Result < T, E>and it can have only two outcomes.These are: Ok(T): An element T was found.Err(E): An error was found with an element E.Rust also provides different methods that we can associate with ...
Read MoreProgram arguments in Rust Programming
Taking care of arguments passed at the runtime is one of the key features of any programming language.In Rust, we access these arguments with the help of std::env::args, which returns an iterator that gives us a string for each passed argument.ExampleConsider the example shown below −use std::env; fn main() { let args: Vec = env::args().collect(); // The first argument is the path that was used to call the program. println!("My current directory path is {}.", args[0]); println!("I got {:?} arguments: {:?}.", args.len() - 1, &args[1..]); }We can pass arguments like this −./args 1 2 3 4 ...
Read MoreHashSet in Rust Programming
Rust also provides us with a HashSet data structure that is mainly used when we want to make sure that no duplicate values are present in our data structure.If we try to insert a new value into a HashSet that is already present in it, then the previous value gets overwritten by the new value that we insertedBesides the key features, a HashSet is also used to do the following operations −union − Extract all the unique elements in both sets.difference −G ets all the elements that are present in the first set, but not in the second.intersection − Gets ...
Read MoreFile Operations in Rust Programming
File operations normally include I/O operations. Rust provides us with different methods to handle all these operations.OpenRust provides an open static method that we can use to open a file in read-only mode.ExampleConsider the code shown below:use std::fs::File; use std::io::prelude::*; use std::path::Path; fn main() { // Create a path to the desired file let path = Path::new("out.txt"); let display = path.display(); let mut file = match File::open(&path) { Err(why) => panic!("unable to open {}: {}", display, why), Ok(file) => file, }; let mut s = String::new(); match ...
Read MoreDifference Between Local and Global Variable
In this post, we will understand the difference between local and global variables.Local variableIt is generally declared inside a function.If it isn’t initialized, a garbage value is stored inside it.It is created when the function begins its execution.It is lost when the function is terminated.Data sharing is not possible since the local variable/data can be accessed by a single function.Parameters need to be passed to local variables so that they can access the value in the function.It is stored on a stack, unless mentioned otherwise.They can be accessed using statement inside the function where they are declared.When the changes are ...
Read MoreDifference Between Static and Dynamic Binding
In this post, we will understand the difference between static binding and dynamic binding.Static BindingIt is resolved at compile time.It uses type of the class and fields.It uses private, final, and static methods and variables.Example: OverloadingDynamic BindingIt is resolved during run time.Virtual methods use this technique.It uses objects to resolve the binding.Example: Method overriding.
Read MoreDifference Between Type casting and Type Conversion
In this post, we will understand the difference between type casting and type conversion.Type castingA data type is converted to another data type using the casting operator by the developer.It can be applied to any compatible data types and incompatible data types.The casting operator is required to cast a data type to another type.The destination data type could be smaller than the source data type.It happens during the program design.It is also known as narrowing conversion since the destination data type may be smaller than the source data type.It is generally used in coding and competitive programming.It is efficient.It is ...
Read MoreDifference Between break and continue
In this post, we will understand the difference between break and continue statements.breakIt is used to terminate the enclosing loop like while, do-while, for, or switch statement where it is declared.It resumes control over the program until the end of the loop.It also helps with the flow of control outside the loop.It is used with ‘switch’ and ‘label’ since it is compatible.Following is the flowchart of break statement −continueIt helps skip the remaining part of the loop.It continues to execute the next iteration.It causes early execution of the next iteration of the enclosing loop.It can’t be used with ‘switch’ and ...
Read MoreDifference Between One-Dimensional (1D) and Two-Dimensional (2D) Array
In this post, we will understand the difference between one dimensional array and two dimensional array.One dimensional arrayIt helps store a single list of elements that are similar data type.The total bytes is calculates as the product of the datatype of variable array and the size of the array.C++ declarationtype variable_name[ size ];Java declarationtype variable_name [ ]; variable_name = new type[size];int [ ] a = new int [10];Two-Dimensional arrayIt helps store 'list of lists' or 'array of arrays' or 'array of one dimensional arrays', i.e nested arrays.The total bytes is equivalent to product of datatype of variable array and size ...
Read MoreDifference Between Virtual and Pure Virtual Function
In this post, we will understand the difference between virtual and pure virtual functions.Virtual FunctionIt has its own definition inside the class.The base class can override a virtual function.It doesn’t have a derived class.Declarationvirtual funct_name(parameter_list) {. . . . .};Pure Virtual FunctionIt doesn’t have a definition.If a class has at least one virtual function, it can be declared abstract.The derived class has to override the pure virtual function to use it.A pure virtual function is specified by placing "= 0" in its declarationDeclarationvirtual funct_name(parameter_list)=0;Following is an example −Exampleclass Box { public: // pure virtual function virtual double ...
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