Found 84 Articles for Miscellaneous

Electromagnets and Their Uses

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:35:03

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A magnet whose magnetic field is created by an electric current is known as Electromagnet. An electromagnet consists of a soft iron core wound with a coil of conductor wires.When a direct electric current is passed through the coil of the electromagnet a magnetic field is created around it. Since the magnetic field of electromagnet is a function of electric current flowing through the coil hence, the magnetic field can be alter by changing the amount of electric current. And its polarity can be changed by changing the direction of electric current.Electromagnets are temporary magnets because they can be demagnetized ... Read More

First Order System Transient Response

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:34:25

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To understand the transient response of the first order system, consider the block diagram of a closed loop system with unity negative feedback.The open loop gain G(s) of the system with unity negative feedback is given by, $$G(s)=\frac{1}{s\tau}$$And the closed loop transfer function of the system with unity negative feedback is, $$\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)}=\frac{1}{s\tau+1}\:\:\:...(1)$$Where, R(s) = Laplace transform of the input signal r(t), C(s) = Laplace transform of the output signal c(t), τ = Time Constant of the system.As we can see, the power of s is one in the denominator term of the closed loop transfer equation. Hence, the system is said to ... Read More

Fourier Series – Representation and Properties

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:24:00

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Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier developed a technique to analysing non-sinusoidal waveforms applicable to a wide range of engineering problems. Many times all the information available in time domain is not sufficient for the analysis of the circuits, for this reason we have to transform the signal into frequency domain for extracting more information about the signal. The Fourier series is a tool used for transforming a signal from time domain to the frequency domain. In the Fourier series the signal is decomposed into harmonically related sinusoidal functions.Frequency Domain AnalysisA periodic signal can be decomposed into a linear weighted sum of ... Read More

How does Static Electricity Work?

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:23:21

192 Views

The static electricity is the result of an imbalance between the positive and negative charges of an object.To understand the phenomena of static electricity, first we need to understand the basics of atoms and charges.The Structure of AtomAll the physical objects are made up of atoms. The atoms in turn made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. The electrons are negatively charges, protons are positively charged and the neutrons does not possess any charge. Therefore, all the physical objects are made up of charges.The opposite charges (positive and negative) attract each other while the like charges (positive and positive or ... Read More

Low Pass and High Pass Filter Bode Plot

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:20:55

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The Bode Plot is the frequency response plot of linear systems represented in the form of logarithmic plots. In bode plot the horizontal axis represents frequency on a logarithmic scale and the vertical axis represents either the amplitude or the phase of the frequency response function.Low Pass Filter Bode PlotThe frequency response function or transfer function of the RC low pass filter is given by, $$\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}}=\frac{A}{1+(j\omega\:T)}=\frac{A}{1+(j\omega\:/\omega_{0})}=\frac{A}{\sqrt{1+(\omega\:/\omega_{0})^{2}}}\angle\:-\tan^{-1}(\frac{\omega}{\omega_{0}})$$Where, T = Time constant of the circuit = $1/\omega_{0}=RC$A = Constant and$\omega_{0}$ = Cut off frequencyBode Magnitude Plot of LPFThe magnitude plot can be obtained from the absolute value of transfer function i.e.$$|\frac{V_{out}}{V_{in}}|=20\log_{10}\frac{|A|}{|1+j\omega\:/\omega_{0}|}$$When $\omega\:\omega_{0}$ ... Read More

Magnetic Field around a Current Carrying Conductor

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:19:59

2K+ Views

The space or field in which a magnetic pole experiences a force is called as a magnetic field. The magnetic field can be produced either by moving the charge or some magnetic material. During the beginning of 19th century, a scientist named H. C. Oersted discovered that when current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field produces around it.Magnetic Field around a Current Carrying ConductorAs the current is defined as the rate of flow of electric charge. According to electromagnetic field theory, a moving charge produces a magnetic field which is proportional to the current, thus a carrying conductor produces ... Read More

Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 08-Jun-2021 09:00:03

440 Views

The maximum power theorem (MPT) is used to find the value of load resistance for which there would be maximum amount of power transfer from the source to load.Statement of MPTA resistive load that is connected to a DC source, receives maximum power when the load resistance is equal to the internal resistance of the source as seen from the load terminals.Explanation of MPTConsider the following circuit diagram to determine the value of RL such that it receives maximum power from the DC source.The load current is, $$I=\frac{V_{Th}}{R_{Th}+R_{L}}$$Thus, the power delivered to the resistive load is, $$P_{L}=I^{2}R_{L}=(\frac{V_{Th}}{R_{Th}+R_{L}})^{2}R_{L}$$As we know, the ... Read More

Overview of Electric Current, Voltage, and Resistance Electric Current

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:18:06

497 Views

The directed flow of charge (free electrons) is called electric current. In other words, the electric current is defined as the rate of flow charge (free electrons). It is represented by 𝐼 or 𝑖 and measured in Amperes (A). i.e.$$I=\frac{Q}{t}=\frac{ne}{t}\:\:Ampere(A)$$Where, Q = ne, and e = 1.6 X 10-19 C.In differential form, $$i=\frac{dq}{dt}$$How electric current flows?In the figure, the copper conductor has a large number of free electrons. When a potential difference (voltage) is applied across it, the free electrons (negatively charged) starts moving towards the positive terminal of the source. This directed flow free electrons is called as electric ... Read More

Electrical Circuit Devices

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:05:52

1K+ Views

Electrical Circuit Devices are essential components of electrical and electronic circuits. There are several devices that are present in electrical and electronic circuits. Some important circuit devices are as follows −SourcesSwitchesConnectorsCircuit Protection DevicesLoadsSourcesA source of electrical energy is a device that delivers energy into a system. These devices create potential difference, which in turn causes electric current to flow in a circuit. Examples of typical electrical sources include Generators, Cells, Batteries and Photovoltaic Cells etc.Generators – There are two types of electric generators viz. AC generator and DC generator.Cells and Batteries – An Electrical cell is a device which can ... Read More

Second Order System Transient Response

Manish Kumar Saini
Updated on 29-May-2021 15:04:21

3K+ Views

To understand the transient response of the second order system, consider the block diagram of closed loop system with unity negative feedback.The open loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$G(s)=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s(s+2\zeta\:\omega_{n})}$$And the closed loop transfer function of the second order system is given by, $$\frac{C(s)}{R(s)}=\frac{G(s)}{1+G(s)}=\frac{\omega_{n}^{2}}{s^{2}+2\zeta\:\omega_{n}s+\omega_{n}^{2}} \:\:\:\:...(1)$$Where, R(s) = Laplace transform of the input signal r(t), C(s) = Laplace transform of the output signal c(t), ξ= Damping Ration, Ωn = Natrural frequency of oscillations.As from the equation (1), we can see, the power of s is two in the denominator term. Thus, the transfer function represents a second ... Read More

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