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Linux Articles
Page 44 of 134
Linux Process Monitoring
In Linux, the top command is a powerful utility used to monitor running processes in real-time. It displays an ordered list of active processes and updates regularly, showing critical system information like CPU usage, memory consumption, swap memory, cache size, buffer size, process IDs (PIDs), users, and commands. This tool is essential for system administrators to identify processes consuming high memory and CPU resources. How Top Command Works The top command provides a dynamic view of the system's running processes. It refreshes every few seconds by default and sorts processes by CPU usage, with the most resource-intensive processes ...
Read MoreWhat's the difference between a context switch, a process switch and a thread switch in Linux?
Context switching is the fundamental mechanism that allows a multitasking operating system to share a single CPU among multiple processes and threads. It involves storing the current execution state so that it can be restored later, enabling seamless resumption from the same point. Types of Context Switches There are three main types of context switches in Linux, each with different overhead costs and complexity levels. Context Switch (General) A context switch is the general term for saving the current execution state (registers, program counter, stack pointer) of a running task and loading the state of another ...
Read MoreWhat is loopback address?
The loopback address is a special IP address range (127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255) reserved for internal communication within a single computer system. The most commonly used loopback address is 127.0.0.1, also known as localhost. This address allows processes on the same machine to communicate with each other through the network stack without requiring physical network hardware. How Loopback Addresses Work When a process sends data to a loopback address, the operating system intercepts the packet and routes it back to itself internally. The data never leaves the computer or passes through the Network Interface Card (NIC). Instead, it is ...
Read MoreWhat is PID manager in Linux?
In Linux, when an executable stored on disk is called a program, and a program loaded into memory and running is called a process. A process is given a unique number called process ID (PID) that identifies that process to the system when it is started. If we ever need to kill a process, for example, we can refer to it by its PID. As each PID is unique, there is no ambiguity or risk of accidentally killing the wrong process (unless you enter the wrong PID). The PID manager is a kernel subsystem responsible for allocating, managing, and ...
Read MoreHow to use date command in day to day practical usage
In this article, we will learn about the date command in Linux and how to practically use it in day-to-day usage with some practical examples. The date command is used to print or change the system date and time, making it an essential tool for system administrators and users. General Syntax [root@localhost ~]# date [OPTION]... [+FORMAT] [root@localhost ~]# date [-u|--utc|--universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] Key Features of the Date Command Print current date and time on the system Display date and time in custom formats Read dates from files Display Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) Set system ...
Read MoreLinux nslookup commands to troubleshoot dns domain name server
nslookup is a network administration command-line tool available for many computer operating systems for querying the Domain Name System (DNS) to obtain domain name or IP address mapping or for any other specific DNS record. This article explains the nslookup command in detail for DNS troubleshooting. Nslookup can be run in two modes: Interactive and Non-Interactive. Interactive mode is used to query DNS servers about various domains and hosts interactively, while Non-Interactive mode is used to query information about a specific domain or host with a single command. Basic DNS Queries Finding A Record (IP Address) ...
Read MoreHow to find a list of block devices information
The lsblk command is used to display a list of information about all available block devices in Linux systems. However, it does not list information about RAM disks by default. Examples of block devices include hard disks, flash drives, and CD-ROM drives. This article explains how to find and display block device information on Linux machines. Installing lsblk For Fedora and CentOS systems, use the following command − $ sudo yum install util-linux-ng For Ubuntu and Linux Mint systems, use the following command − $ sudo apt-get install util-linux -y ...
Read MoreHow to use diff Command in Linux
The diff command in Linux is a powerful command-line utility used to compare the contents of two files or directories line by line and display the differences between them. This tool is essential for developers, system administrators, and anyone working with text files to identify changes, track modifications, and analyze variations in code, configuration files, or documents. Basic File Comparison The most fundamental use of the diff command is comparing two files. The basic syntax is: diff file1 file2 Example Consider two files with slight differences: $ diff file1.txt file2.txt 2c2 ...
Read Moremd5sum Command in Linux with Examples
The md5sum command in Linux generates MD5 hash values (checksums) for files or text input. MD5 (Message Digest Algorithm 5) is a cryptographic hash function that produces a 128-bit hash value, typically represented as a 32-character hexadecimal string. This command is essential for verifying file integrity and detecting changes in data. The MD5 algorithm creates a unique fingerprint for data. Even a single character change results in a completely different hash value, making it useful for detecting file corruption or unauthorized modifications. Basic Syntax md5sum [OPTION] [FILE]... md5sum [OPTION] --check [FILE] Examples Generating ...
Read MoreLinux and Unix Test Disk I/O Performance with DD Command
The DD command is a powerful command-line utility in Linux and Unix systems that can test hard disk I/O performance by measuring read and write speeds. This article demonstrates how to use DD command to benchmark your storage device performance effectively. What is DD Command? DD is a command-line utility for Unix and Unix-like operating systems where the primary purpose is to copy and convert files. It reads from an input source and writes to an output destination, making it ideal for disk performance testing by creating controlled I/O operations. Testing Write Performance Open your Linux ...
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