The .gitignore file is a text file that tells Git which files or folders should be ignored while committing changes to the repository. This file lists the project files that we do not want Git to track for us.Following are the two commonly used methods to auto−generate the .gitignore file −Using the Github SiteThe GitHub Site provides a collection of useful .gitignore templates for different technologies. The below screenshot shows a list of .gitignore templates provided by the site.Let us say you are working on a Java project and would want to add a .gitignore file. All you have to ... Read More

The .gitignore file does not operate on files that are already committed. To ignore changes to a file that was accidentally staged or committed the following should be done −Step 1 − Remove such files or directories from the staging areaStep 2 − Commit changes in the repositoryStep 3 − Add path of such files or directories in the .gitignore fileStep 4 − Commit changes to the repositoryLet us understand this with an example −Create a folder by the name “bin” in the working directory. Add a file “temp.bin” with some content inside the folder and commit the changes.$ mkdir ... Read More

When a Git project is compiled it may generate binary files, lock files, temporary files and metadata files. These are intermediate files that are not part of the source code. For example, IDE config files or intermediate files like “.class”, ”.exe”, “.bin” etc. that are generated during compilation should be ignored by the version control system as they will be different for each developer machine and will unnecessarily increase the size of the repository.The .gitignore is a text file where each line contains a pattern for files or directories to ignore. It is usually placed at the root of the ... Read More

Git allows you to delete a file from the repository using any of the following methods −Using the Linux rm commandUsing the git rm commandScenario 1 − Use the Linux rm commandThe syntax of the Linux rm command is −$ git rm Let us assume that a file “file1.python” exists in the repository. Use the Linux rm command to delete the file − “file1.python”.$ git rm file1.pythonLet us first verify if the file has been removed from the working directory. This can be verified by using the Linux ls command.$ lsThe output suggests that the file has been removed from ... Read More

A file can be renamed in the following two ways −Use the mv Linux commandUse the git mv commandScenario 1 − Use the Linux mv commandThe following example assumes that a file “file1.txt” exists in the repository. The syntax for using the Linux mv command is −$ mv Use the Linux command mv to rename the file to “file1.java”.$ mv file1.txt file1.javaExecute the git status command to verify the file’s status in Git.$ git statusThe output in the screenshot suggests that the file has been renamed in two steps −“file1.txt” has been deleted from the working areaA new file ... Read More

The git add command adds files to the staging area whereas the git commit command will write changes to the repository permanently.When you have completed an important feature, you will need to create a snapshot of that change and save it to the Git repository. To achieve this, you will perform a commit.In Git, there exists an intermediate step before commit which does not exist in other version control systems. This intermediate step is called a staging area. The staging area is also known as the index. The staging area can be used to build up a set of changes ... Read More

This question can also be rephrased as − How do you resolve the Git warning − "LF will be replaced by CRLF"?The End−of−Line is marked using two special characters "\r" in Windows Operating System while the “" character is used to mark End-of-Line in MacOS and Linux systems.The \r and are known as the Carriage Return (CR) and Line Feed (LF) characters respectively. It is important to handle End-of-Line characters properly for consistency across multiple Operating Systems.End−of−Line characters can be configured in two ways −At the time of installation −At the time of installation, Git allows us to select from ... Read More

Git is currently the most popular version control system. A version control system records the changes made to our project codebase in a special kind of file system-based database. In Git, this database is known as a repository and its structure is inspired by the Linux file system. The repository maintains a history of the changes to our codebase.The .git folder contains all information that is necessary for the project and all information relating commits, remote repository address, etc. It also contains a log that stores the commit history. This log can help you to roll back to the desired ... Read More

The default configuration should be modified when you use Git for the first time. The git config command can be used to achieve the same. The following are some Git configuration settings that can be set −NameEmailDefault EditorLine EndingsGit allows us to configure the above settings at different levels. This means we can have different settings for different repositories of different projects. All configurations are stored in a configuration file.SyntaxThe syntax to modify Git’s configuration is −git config configuration_name [additional_flags]Git configuration can be modified at the following levels −System − System−level configuration is applied across an entire machine and ... Read More

It is imperative to fully cover your tracks you made on the systems during assault. This tool is designed for pen testing "covering tracks" phase, before exiting the infected server. Or, permanently disable system logs for post-exploitation.This tool allows you to clear log files such as −/var/log/messages # General message and system related stuff/var/log/auth.log # Authenication logs/var/log/kern.log # Kernel logs/var/log/cron.log # Crond logs/var/log/maillog # Mail server logs/var/log/boot.log # System boot log/var/log/mysqld.log # MySQL database server log file/var/log/qmail # Qmail log directory/var/log/httpd # Apache access and error logs directory/var/log/lighttpd # Lighttpd access and error logs directory/var/log/secure # Authentication log/var/log/utmp # Login ... Read More