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Computer Science Articles
Page 25 of 53
What are Memory Reference Instructions?
Memory reference instructions are those commands or instructions which are in the custom to generate a reference to the memory and approval to a program to have an approach to the commanded information and that states as to from where the data is cache continually. These instructions are known as Memory Reference Instructions.There are seven memory reference instructions which are as follows &ANDThe AND instruction implements the AND logic operation on the bit collection from the register and the memory word that is determined by the effective address. The result of this operation is moved back to the register.ADDThe ADD ...
Read MoreWhat is Design of Control Unit in Computer Architecture?
A control unit drives the corresponding processing hardware by generating a set of signals that are in sync with the master clock. The two major operations performed by the control unit are instruction interpretation and instruction sequencing.The main function of a control unit is to fetch the data from the main memory, determine the devices and the operations involved with it, and produce control signals to execute the operations.Types of Control UnitThere are two types of control organization that are as follows −Hardwired ControlIn the hardwired organization, the control logic is executed with gates, flip-flops, decoders, and other digital circuits. ...
Read MoreWhat are Computer Instructions?
A computer has programs stored in its RAM in the form of 1s and 0s that are interpreted by the CPU as instructions. One word of RAM includes one instruction in the machine language.These instructions are loaded to the CPU one at a time, where it receives decoded and implemented. A basic computer has three instruction code formats such as the memory reference instruction, the register reference instruction, and the input-output instruction format.Memory Reference InstructionA memory-reference instruction uses 12 bits to specify an address and one bit to determine the addressing mode I. I is the same as 0 for ...
Read MoreWhat is the Evolution of Computer Architecture?
The term ‘computer architecture’ was coined in 1964 by the ‘chief architects’ of the IBM System/360 in a paper announcing the most successful family of computers ever built. The interpretation includes the definitions of the registers, memory, the instruction set, instruction formats, addressing modes, and the actual coding of the instructions excluding implementation and realization.In 1947, with the creation of transistors, which were a fraction of the estimate of the vacuum tubes and exhausted less power, using transistors for evaluating became simpler, but still, the complex circuits were not simple to manage.The creation of Integrated Circuits in 1958, transformed the ...
Read MoreWhat is Common Bus System in Computer Architecture?
A pair of signal lines that facilitate the transfer of multi-bit data from one system to another is known as a bus.The diagram demonstrates three master devices as M3, M6, and M4.The master device start and controls the connection. S7, S5, and S2 are slave devices. Slave devices counter to the commands provided by master devices. If M3 needs to offer a command to S5, it should transfer its instruction by the bus.Therefore, the S5 holds the instruction and takes a response to the instruction by the bus.A basic computer includes eight registers, a memory unit, and a control unit. ...
Read MoreWhat is Arithmetic Logic Shift Unit in Computer Architecture?
A computer systems create use of several storage registers that are linked to a typical operational unit is known as the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). ALU is the central and one of the most essential units internal the CPU of the computer.All the logical and numerical operations of a computer are implemented here. The contents of a particular register are arranged in the input of ALU. ALU implements the given operation and then transfers it to the target register.The one stage of an arithmetic logic shift unit is demonstrated in the figure. The subscript i nominate a frequent stage. ...
Read MoreWhat are Shift Micro-operations in Computer Architectures?
Shift micro-operations are used for the serial transfer of data and also support in conjunction with arithmetic, logic, and several data-processing operations. The contents of a register can be shifted to the left or the right.Simultaneously, that the bits are shifted, the first flip-flop holds its binary data from the serial input. In shift-left operation, the serial input transfers a bit into the rightmost position. In shift-right operation, the serial input transfers a bit into the leftmost position. The data transferred by the serial input decides the type of shift.Types of Shift Micro-operationsThere are three types of shift micro-operations are ...
Read MoreWhat are Logic Micro-Operations in Computer Architecture?
Logic operations are binary micro-operations implemented on the bits saved in the registers. These operations treated each bit independently and create them as binary variables.For example, the exclusive-OR micro-operation with the contents of two registers R1 and R2 is denoted by the statementP: R1←R1$\oplus$R2It determines a logic micro-operation to be implemented on the single bits of the registers supported that the control variable P = 1. Consider that each register has four bits. Let the content of R1 be 1010 and the content of R2 be 1100.The exclusive-OR micro-operation stated above represent the following logic computation −1010 Content of ...
Read MoreWhat is Binary Incrementer in Computer Architecture?
The increment micro-operation inserts one to a number in a register. For example, if a 4-bit register has a binary value 0110, it will go to 0111 after it is incremented. The increment micro-operation is performed by a 4-bit combinational circuit incrementer.This micro-operation is simply performed with a binary counter. Each time the count allowed is active, the clock pulse transition increments the content of the register by one. There can be occasions when the increment micro-operation should be completed with a combinational circuit independent of a specific register. This can be done using half-adders connected in cascade.The diagram of ...
Read MoreWhat are Arithmetic Micro-operations?
The operations implemented on data stored in registers are known as micro-operations. A micro-operation is a basic operation implemented on the data saved in one or more registers.There are various micro-operations including addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.Add Micro-OperationIt is described by the following statement −R3 → R1 + R2The following statement instructs the information or contents of register R1 to be inserted to data or content of register R2 and the sum must be converted to register R3.Subtract Micro-OperationExample −R3 → R1 + R2' + 1Subtract micro-operation are using minus operator we create 1's complement and add 1 to the ...
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