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Computer Science Articles
Page 18 of 53
What are the hardware components of the Computer System?
The hardware components of a computer are classified into five groups are Input unit, Central processing unit, Output Unit, Control Unit, Arithmetic & logical unit.Input unitInput units are used by the computer to read the information. The most frequently used input devices are keyboards, mouse, joysticks, trackballs, microphones, and so on. Whenever a key is clicked, the matching letter or digit is necessarily interpreted into its equivalent binary code and communicate over a cable to either the memory or the processor.Output unitThe output unit is the reverse of the input unit. When the processor sends the output to the output ...
Read MoreDecimal arithmetic operations in Computer Architecture?
Decimal arithmetic operations refer to a digital function that does decimal micro-operations. This function adds or subtracts decimal numbers by forming 9’s or 10’s complement of the subtrahend. This decimal arithmetic unit first accepts coded decimal numbers and then generates output in the binary form.Algorithms that are used for arithmetic operations with decimal data and binary data are alike. If the micro-operations symbol is interpreted correctly the same flowchart can be used for both multiplication and division.The decimal numbers in BCD are stored in groups of four bits in the computer registers. When performing decimal micro-operations, every 4-bit group represents ...
Read MoreWhat is BCD Subtraction in Computer Architecture?
A subtractor circuit is required to perform a subtraction operation on two decimal numbers. BCD subtraction is slightly different from BCD addition. Performing subtraction operation by taking the 9’s or 10’s complement of the subtrahend and adding it to the minuend is economical.It is not possible to obtain the 9’s complement by complementing every bit in the code because the BCD is not a self- complementing code. The 9’s complement has to be formed by a circuit that subtracts Notes every BCD number from 9.The 9’s complement of a decimal digit that is represented in BCD can be obtained by ...
Read MoreWhat is BCD Adder in Computer Architecture?
BCD adder refers to a 4-bit binary adder that can add two 4-bit words of BCD format. The output of the addition is a BCD-format 4-bit output word, which defines the decimal sum of the addend and augend and a carry that is created in case this sum exceeds a decimal value of 9. Therefore, BCD adders can implement decimal addition.Construction of BCD AdderSum of Binary DigitsSum of BCD DigitsKZ8Z4Z2Z1CS8S4S2S1Decimal00000000000000010000110001000010200011000113001000010040010100101500110001106001110011170100001000801001010019010101001010010111001111011001000012011011000113011101011014011111011115100001010016100011010117100101101018100111101119In this table, K is the carry. The subscripts below the letter Z define the weights. The weights, according to the table, are 8, 4, 2, and 1. These weights can ...
Read MoreWhat is Arithmetic Pipeline in Computer Architecture?
Pipeline arithmetic units are generally discovered in very large-speed computers. It can execute floating-point operations, multiplication of fixed-point numbers, and the same computations encountered in mathematical problems.The inputs to the floating-point adder pipeline are two normalized floating-point binary numbers represented as −X = A x 2aY = B x 2bWhere A and B are two fractions that define the mantissa and a and b are the exponents. The floating-point addition and subtraction can be implemented in four segments, as a displayed figure. The registers labeled R is located between the segments to save intermediate outcomes. The suboperations that are implemented ...
Read MoreWhat is Instruction Pipeline in Computer Architecture?
An instruction pipeline reads consecutive instructions from memory while in the other segments the previous instructions are being implemented. Pipeline processing appears both in the data flow and in the instruction stream. This leads to the overlapping of the fetch and executes the instruction and hence simultaneous operations are performed.There is one possible more event associated with such a design is that instruction can generate a branch out of a sequence. In this method, the pipeline is clear and all the instructions that have previously been read from memory after the branch instruction should be rejected.A computer can be constructed ...
Read MoreWhat is the division of binary numbers in Computer Architecture?
The binary division is similar to division in decimals. The process involves successive comparison, shifting, and subtraction. The division of binary numbers is easy compared to the division of decimal numbers because the quotient is either 0 or 1. It is also not necessary to check the number of times the dividend (partial remainder) fits into the divisor.Divide OverflowIn a computer system, the division operation can lead to a quotient with an overflow because the registers cannot hold a number that exceeds the standard length. To understand this better, consider a system with a standard 5-bit register.One register is used ...
Read MoreWhat is RISC Pipeline in Computer Architecture?
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computers. It was introduced to execute as fast as one instruction per clock cycle. This RISC pipeline helps to simplify the computer architecture’s design.It relates to what is known as the Semantic Gap, that is, the difference between the operations provided in the high-level languages (HLLs) and those provided in computer architectures.To avoid these consequences, the conventional response of the computer architects is to add layers of complexity to newer architectures. This also increases the number and complexity of instructions together with an increase in the number of addressing modes. The architecture which resulted ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of Pipelining Conflicts?
Pipelining is a technique of breaking a sequential process into small fragments or sub-operations. The execution of each of these sub-procedure takes place in a certain dedicated segment that functions together with all other segments. There are three types of Pipelining conflicts that are as follows −Resource ConflictsThese conflicts arise due to insufficient resources wherein it is not possible to overlap the operations. The performance of pipelined processor depends on either of the two conditions are as follows −Whether or not the functional units are pipelined?Do the multiple execution units allow all available mixture of instructions in the pipeline?If for ...
Read MoreWhat are the techniques to avoid Pipelining Conflicts?
Pipelining defines a technique of decomposing a sequential process into sub-operations, with each sub-operation being implemented in an enthusiastic segment that works together with all other segments. There are the following techniques that can be followed to avoid pipelining conflicts −Hardware Interlocks − Hardware interlocks are electronic circuits that detect instructions whose source operands are destinations of instructions further up in the pipeline. After detecting this situation, the instruction whose source is not available is delayed by a suitable number of clock periods. In this way, the conflict is resolved.Operand Forwarding − This procedure need special hardware to identify a ...
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