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Computer Network Articles
Page 66 of 122
What is a Domain Name System?
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralized naming system that translates human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. It serves as the internet's phonebook, enabling users to access websites using memorable names like www.example.com instead of complex numeric addresses like 192.168.1.1. DNS operates using the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) on port 53 and relies on a distributed network of DNS servers to resolve domain names efficiently across the global internet. How DNS Works When you type a domain name into your browser, DNS performs the following translation process: Step 1 − Your browser ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between domain and domain name server and components of DNS
The main difference between domain and domain name server (DNS) is that a domain is a unique identification string that helps identify a specific website, while DNS (Domain Name System) is a distributed system that translates domain names to their corresponding IP addresses to deliver the requested webpage. There are millions of websites on the World Wide Web including educational, e-commerce, government, and entertainment sites. Each website must have its own unique domain name to identify it on the internet. When a user enters a domain name in their browser, the DNS converts that name to the matching IP ...
Read MoreWhat is a DNS Name Resolution and explain the cache poisoning attack in DNS?
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a fundamental internet service that translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. DNS name resolution is the process by which this translation occurs, enabling users to access websites using memorable names instead of numerical IP addresses. How DNS Name Resolution Works When a program needs to translate a domain name into an IP address, it contacts a DNS server to perform the resolution. However, this process rarely occurs at a single DNS server. Instead, the initial DNS server recursively queries other DNS servers in a hierarchical manner to complete the translation. ...
Read MoreWhat is Authentication Header (AH) format?
Authentication Header (AH) is a security protocol used in IPSec to provide data integrity, authentication, and replay protection to IP datagrams. The services are connectionless, meaning they work on a per-packet basis without maintaining connection state. AH operates in two modes: transport mode (protecting payload only) and tunnel mode (protecting the entire original IP packet). However, AH cannot protect certain IP header fields that change during transit, called mutable fields. Mutable IPv4 Fields The following IPv4 header fields are considered mutable and are not protected by AH: Type of Service (TOS) − Can be modified ...
Read MoreWhat is ESP in tunnel and transport mode and the difference between AH and ESP?
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) is one of the two main protocols in IPSec that provides encryption, authentication, and integrity services for IP packets. ESP protects the data payload through encryption while ensuring data integrity and authenticity using cryptographic algorithms. ESP operates in two distinct modes: transport mode for host-to-host communication and tunnel mode for network-to-network communication. The choice of mode determines which parts of the IP packet are protected and how the packet structure is modified. ESP in Transport Mode In transport mode, the ESP header is inserted directly after the original IP header, and the ESP ...
Read MoreDifferentiate between 4G and 5G cellular Networks
A cellular network is a fundamental technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, and wireless networking. The technology uses lower power transmitters with shorter range coverage areas called cells, enabling efficient spectrum reuse and supporting millions of simultaneous users across a geographic region. Both 4G and 5G represent major evolutionary steps in cellular technology, each offering distinct capabilities and addressing different communication needs. Understanding their differences helps in appreciating the technological advancement and choosing the right network for specific applications. 4G vs 5G Cellular Networks 4G ...
Read MoreWhat are the new developments of cellular networks?
Cellular networks are the backbone technology enabling mobile phones, personal communication systems, and wireless networking. These networks use distributed, lower-power transmitters with shorter coverage areas instead of traditional high-power transmitter systems, creating a "cell-based" architecture that efficiently serves mobile devices across wide geographical areas. Unlike complete wireless technologies, cellular networks specifically refer to mobile network infrastructure that provides network access through a hierarchical system. Mobile devices connect to nearby base stations using air-based interfaces and standardized physical and link layer protocols. Each base station connects to a Mobile Switching Centre (MSC) that manages call setup, routing, and mobility ...
Read MoreWhat are the cellular network bandwidth capabilities and base station?
Cellular networks divide large geographical areas into smaller cells to provide wireless coverage for mobile devices. Each cell is served by a base station that manages communication within its coverage area. This cellular approach enables efficient spectrum reuse and seamless connectivity across vast regions. The cellular methodology addresses several key challenges including interference avoidance, handover between cells while maintaining service quality, coverage optimization, capacity management, and frequency reuse planning. Cellular Network Structure Cell A Cell B ...
Read MoreHow NAT improves the security of Network?
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a networking technique used to convert private IP addresses to public IP addresses and vice versa. Originally developed to address IPv4 address exhaustion, NAT also provides significant security benefits by creating a natural barrier between internal networks and external threats. IPv4 uses 32-bit addressing, providing approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses. However, with global internet users exceeding 7.8 billion and multiple devices per user (smartphones, laptops, tablets, IoT devices), the demand far outstrips supply. NAT enables multiple devices to share a single public IP address while maintaining separate private addresses internally. How NAT Improves ...
Read MoreWhat are subnets and subnet masks in computer networks?
A subnet (short for sub-network) is a smaller network created by dividing a larger IP network into multiple segments. Subnet masks are used to determine which portion of an IP address identifies the network and which portion identifies the host within that network. Subnetting allows network administrators to efficiently manage IP address allocation, reduce network congestion, and improve security by creating logical boundaries within a larger network. How Subnet Masks Work A subnet mask consists of a series of consecutive 1s followed by consecutive 0s in binary format. The 1s represent the network portion, while the 0s ...
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