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R Programming Articles
Page 34 of 174
How to find the maximum value in an R data frame?
The maximum value is a part of summary statistics and we always need to understand the end limits of our data; therefore, it is highly required. If we have a data frame that contains numerical columns then the maximum value can be found by using max function and the data frame object name.Example1y1
Read MoreHow to change the font size of main title of boxplot in base R?
The font size of the main title of boxplot can be changed by defining the font size value using par(cex.main=”size”), here size value can be changed based on our requirement. This needs to be done before creating the boxplot, otherwise, there will be no effect on the size of the main title.Examplex
Read MoreHow to convert dot to comma for numerical columns in an R data frame?
Most European countries use a comma in place of a decimal. Therefore, if we have a data set that contains dot as a decimal market and we need to use that four such European countries or if dot is recorded in place of comma then we can replace the dot with comma using format function as shown in the below examples.Example1x2
Read MoreHow to extract column names that do not have even one missing value in an R data frame?
The extraction of column names that do not have missing values can be done with the help of colnames function along with the complete.cases function. The complete.cases function will extract the columns that do not have missing values then colnames will extract those column names only.Example1Consider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to change the color of X-axis label using ggplot2 in R?
The default color of labels is black but we might want to change that color to something else so that we can get attention of the viewer to the labels if it is needed. To change the color of X-axis label using ggplot2, we can use theme function that has axis.title.x argument which can be used for changing the color of the label values.ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to create the plot of a vector that contains missing values by adding the missing values in base R?
If there are missing values in a vector then the plot of such vector will not have all the values, only the non−missing values will be shown. If we want to create the plot by adding the missing values in the plot then we need to define the X−axis for the length of the vector and the Y−axis with the actual vector using cbind but missing values will be omitted as shown in the below example.Examplex
Read MoreHow to convert a character data frame to numeric data frame in R?
Sometimes numerical values are recorded as character values and we need to convert them to numeric type before starting our analysis. This is also possible for a whole data frame in R. Therefore, we can use sapply function to convert the columns of the data frame to numeric type and save the output in a data frame by reading it with as.data.frame.Example1Consider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to create bins for a continuous vector in R?
To create the bins for a continuous vector, we can use cut function and store the bins in a data frame along with the original vector. The values in the cut function must be passed based on the range of the vector values, otherwise, there will be NA’s in the bin values. For example, if we have a vector that contains 0.55 and we do not use 0 in the cut function then the first bin will be NA. Check out the below examples to understand how to properly do it.Example1x1
Read MoreHow to create a line chart with mean and standard deviation using ggplot2 in R?
Sometimes we have mean and standard deviation given for groups or factors, these are generally obtained from previous research studies and is referred to as the secondary data. In this case. the line chart with mean and standard deviation using ggplot2 can be created by defining the minimum and maximum inside geom_error function of ggplot2 package, where the difference between mean and standard deviation defines the standard deviation if the minimum is set as mean minus one standard deviation and the maximum is set as mean plus one standard deviation.ExampleConsider the below data frame −Group
Read MoreHow to find the sum by distinct column for factor levels in an R data frame?
If the data frame contains a factor column and some numerical columns then we might want to find the sum of numerical columns for the factor levels. For this purpose, we can use aggregate function. For example, if we have a data frame df that contains a factor column defined by Group and some numerical columns then the sum by distinct column for factor levels can be calculated by using aggregate(.~Group,data=df,sum)Example1Class
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