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Computer Science Articles
Page 13 of 53
What is SIMD Architecture?
SIMD represents single-instruction multiple-data streams. The SIMD model of parallel computing includes two parts such as a front-end computer of the usual von Neumann style, and a processor array as displayed in the figure.The processor array is a collection of identical synchronized processing elements adequate for simultaneously implementing the same operation on various data. Each processor in the array has a small amount of local memory where the distributed data resides while it is being processed in parallel.The processor array is linked to the memory bus of the front end so that the front end can randomly create the local ...
Read MoreWhat are Vector-Access Memory Schemes in Computer Architecture?
The flow of vector operands between the main memory and vector registers is generally pipelined with various access paths. In this section, we specify vector operands and describe three vector-access schemes from interleaved memory modules allowing overlapped memory accesses.Vector Operand Specifications − Vector operands can have arbitrary lengths. Vector elements are not essentially saved in contiguous memory areas. For example, the entries in a matrix may be stored in row-major or in column-major. Each row, column, or diagonal of the matrix can be used as a vector.When row elements are stored in contiguous locations with a unit stride, the column ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of Vector Instructions?
A vector is a set of scalar data elements, all of similar type, saved in memory. The vector elements are ordered to have a permanent addressing increment between successive elements known as the stride.A vector processor is an ensemble of hardware resources, such as vector registers, functional pipelines, processing elements, and register counters, for executing vector operations.Vector processing appears when arithmetic or logical operations are used to vectors. It is distinguished from scalar processing which operates on one or one pair of data. The conversion from scalar code to vector code is known as vectorization.Types of Vector InstructionsThere are various ...
Read MoreWhat is Distributed-Memory Multicomputer in Computer Architecture?
A distributed-memory multicomputer system is modeled in the figure. The system includes multiple computers known as nodes, related by a message-passing network. Each node is an independent computer including a processor, local memory, and sometimes connected disks or I/O peripherals.The message-passing network supports point-to-point static connections among the nodes. All local memories are private and are applicable only by local processors. For this method, traditional multicomputer has been referred to as no-remote-memory-access (NORMA) machines.This condition will constantly be deleted in future multicomputer with distributed shared memories. Internode communication is carried out by passing messages through the static connection network.Multicomputer Generations ...
Read MoreWhat are the Data Routing Functions in Computer Architecture?
Data routing networks are used for inter PE data exchange. Data routing networks can be static or dynamic. In a multicomputer network, data routing is achieved by messages among multiple computer nodes.Routing network reduces the time required for data exchange and thus system performance is enhanced. Commonly used data routing functions are shifting, rotation, permutations, broadcast, multicast, personalized communication, shuffle, etc.There are various data routing functions which are as follows −Permutations − Let there are n objects, and then there are n permutations by which n objects can be recorded. The set of all permutations form a permutation group concerning ...
Read MoreWhat are the different network properties in Computer Architectures?
The topology of an interconnection network can be static or dynamic. Static networks are created point-to-point direct connections which will not alter during implementation. Dynamic networks are applied with switched channels, which are dynamically constructed to connect the communication demand in user programs.Static Networks − Static networks are used for fixed connections amid subsystems of a centralized system or various computing nodes of a distributed system. Dynamic networks include buses, crossbar switches, multistage networks, which are provide used in shared-memory multiprocessors. Both types of networks have also been applying for inter PE data routing in SIMD computers.In general, a network ...
Read MoreWhat are program flow mechanisms?
Traditional computers are founded on a control flow structure by which the series of program implementation is particularly established in the user program. Data flow computers have a high degree of parallelism at the fine-grain instruction-level reduction computers are based on a demand-driven method which commences operation based on the demand for its result by other computations.Data flow & control flow computers − There are mainly two sorts of computers as data flow computers are connectional computers depends on the Von Neumann machine. It transfers out instructions under program flow control whereas the control flow computer implements instructions under the ...
Read MoreWhat are the different shared-memory multiprocessor models?
The most popular parallel computers are those that implement programs in MIMD mode. There are two major types of parallel computers such as shared memory multiprocessor & message-passing multi computers. The main difference between multiprocessors & multicomputer lies in memory sharing and the structure used for interprocessor communication.The processor in the multiprocessor system communicates with each other through a shared variable in common memory. Each computer node in a multicomputer system has local memory, unshared with different nodes. Inter-process communication is done through message passing among nodes.Three shared memory multiprocessor models are as follows −UMA ModelUMA stands for Uniform memory ...
Read MoreWhat are the different levels of Parallelism?
There are different level of parallelism which are as follows −Instruction Level − At instruction level, a grain is consist of less than 20 instruction called fine grain. Fine-grain parallelism at this level may range from two thousand depending on an individual program single instruction stream parallelism is greater than two but the average parallelism at instruction level is around fine rarely exceeding seven in an ordinary program.For scientific applications, the average parallel is in the range of 500 to 300 Fortran statements executing concurrently in an idealized environment.Loop Level − It embraces iterative loop operations. A loop may contain ...
Read MoreWhat are the conditions of Parallelism in Computer Architecture?
There are various conditions of Parallelism which are as follows −Data and resource dependencies − A program is made up of several parts, so the ability to implement various program segments in parallel is needed that each segment should be autonomous regarding the other segment. Dependencies in various segments of a program may be in various forms like resource dependency, control depending & data depending.A dependence graph can define the relation. The program statements are defined by nodes and the directed edge with multiple labels displays the ordered relation among the statements. After analyzing the dependence graph, it can be ...
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