Found 213 Articles for Computer Programming

The compiler demands a block of memory for the operating system. The compiler uses this block of memory to implement the compiled program. This block of memory is known as storage management. A compiler should execute is to designate the resources of the target machine to define the data objects that are being manipulated by the source code.There are three basic storage management phases are as follows −Initial allocation − Initially each piece of storage is either free or in use. If free, it is available for dynamic allocation as the execution proceeds. A storage management system needed several methods ... Read More

Sequence ControlSequence control defines the line-by-line implementation by which statements are implemented sequentially, in the equivalent order in which they occur in the program. It can move out a sequence of read or write operations, arithmetic operations, or assignments to variables. A sequence control structure can be either implicit or explicit.Implicit Sequence Control − Implicit sequence control structures are those represented by the language. Implicit sequence control is decided by the sequence of the statements in the source code or by the built-in implementation model. The implicit sequence control structure tends to be in consequence except that transformed by the ... Read More

SubprogramsA subprogram is defined as a set of statements that can be reused at multiple places in a program when convenient. This reuse results in multiple types of savings, from memory space to coding time. Such reuse is also an abstraction, for the analysis of subprograms computations are restored in a program by a statement that calls the subprogram.Features of SubprogramsThe features of subprograms are as follows −A subprogram has a single entry point.The caller is suspended during the implementation of the called subprogram.Control continually returns to the caller when the called subprogram’s execution eliminates.Advantages of subprogramsThere are the following ... Read More

A subprogram is defined as a set of statements that can be reused at multiple places in a program when convenient. This reuse results in multiple types of savings, from memory space to coding time. Such reuse is also an abstraction, for the analysis of subprograms computations are restored in a program by a statement that calls the subprogram.Features of SubprogramsThe features of subprograms are as follows −A subprogram has a single entry point.The caller is suspended during the implementation of the called subprogram.Control repeatedly returns to the caller when the called subprogram’s execution eliminates.Types of SubprogramsThere are two types ... Read More

The major operations on sequential files are as follows −Creating a file − The primary creation of a file is also defined as the loading of the file. In some implementations, space is first designated to the file, thus the data are loaded into that Skelton.Opening a file − Before a program can access a file for input or output, that file must be opened. The open operation is given the name of a file and the access mode (read or write). In Pascal, the procedure reset opens a file in read mode and the procedure rewrite opens a file ... Read More

The major attributes for specifying data structures include the following −Number of components − A data structure can be of fixed size if the number of components is even during its lifetime or of the variable size if the number of components transforms dynamically. Variable size data structure types generally define operations that insert and delete elements from structures.Arrays and records are examples of fixed-size data structure types. Stacks, lists, sets, tables, and files are an example of variable size data types. Variable size data objects use a pointer data type that enables fixed-size data objects to be connected explicitly ... Read More

The set of operations defined for a data type decided how data objects of that type can be manipulated. The operations can be primitive operations, which defines they are stated as an element of the language definition or they can be programmer-defined operations, as an element of class definitions.An operation is a mathematical function, for a given input argument and it has a clear and simply persistent result. Each operation has a domain (the set of possible results that it can create). The action of the operation represents the results created for any given set of arguments.The elements that combine ... Read More

Type checking is the activity of providing that the operands of an operator are of compatible types. A compatible type is one that is legal for the operator or is enabled under language rules to be implicitly modified by compiler-generated code to a legal type. This automatic conversion is known as coercion. If all binding of variables to type is dynamic in a language, thus type checking can virtually continually be completed dynamically. The dynamic type checking is done during program execution.The dynamic type checking is generally executed by saving a type tag in each data object that expresses the ... Read More

A programming language is an artificial language that can control the behaviour of a machine, specifically in computers. Programming language like natural languages is defined by syntactic and semantic rules which define their structure and meaning respectively. The hierarchical structure of programming languages is as follows −Programs − Computer programs are instructions for a computer. A computer needed programs to function, generally executing the program’s instructions in the main processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The equivalent program in its human-readable source program form, from which executable programs are ... Read More

One-Pass CompilerOne pass compiler reads the code only once and then translates it. The one-pass compiler passes only once through the parts of each compilation unit. It can translate each part into its final machine program. In the one-pass compiler, when the line source is processed, it is scanned and the token is extracted. This is in contrast to a multi-pass compiler which modifies the program into one or more intermediate representations in steps between source program and machine program, and which convert the whole compilation unit in each sequential pass.A one-pass compiler is fast since all the compiler code ... Read More