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Computer Network Articles
Page 19 of 122
The Internet Layer in the TCP/IP Model
The Internet layer is responsible for logical transmission of data packets over the internet. It can be compared to the network layer of the OSI model and serves as the backbone for routing data across interconnected networks. The main functions of the internet layer are: It transmits data packets to the link layer It routes each of the data packets independently from the source to the destination, using the optimal route It reassembles the out-of-order packets when they reach the destination It handles the error in transmission of data packets and fragmentation of data packets ...
Read MoreThe Transport Layer in TCP/IP Model
The transport layer is responsible for error-free, end-to-end delivery of data from the source host to the destination host. It corresponds to the transport layer of the OSI model and serves as a critical interface between application processes and the underlying network infrastructure. The functions of the transport layer are − It facilitates the communicating hosts to carry on a conversation by establishing logical connections between applications. It provides an interface for the users to the underlying network, abstracting network complexity from applications. It can provide for a reliable connection and carries out error checking, flow control, ...
Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. While it serves as an important reference model for understanding network communication, it has both significant advantages and notable limitations. OSI Model Structure 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport ...
Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the TCP/IP Model
The TCP/IP model is a fundamental networking framework that defines how data is transmitted across networks. While it has become the backbone of modern internet communication, understanding both its strengths and limitations is crucial for network professionals. TCP/IP Model Layers Application Layer Transport Layer (TCP/UDP) Internet Layer (IP) Network Access Layer Advantages of TCP/IP Protocol Suite Industry-standard model − It is an industry-standard model that can be effectively deployed ...
Read MoreExamples of Existing Networks
Some of the prominently used networks in today's world are examples that showcase different networking technologies and their applications in various domains. Internet The Internet is a global collection of interconnected networks that use the TCP/IP protocol suite to communicate. It represents the largest wide area network, connecting billions of devices worldwide through a decentralized architecture. The Internet encompasses private, public, academic, commercial, and government networks, but no single organization controls it entirely. This distributed control model ensures resilience and global accessibility. Internet - Global Network of Networks ...
Read MoreBasic Internet Usage
The Internet has revolutionized how we communicate, work, learn, and entertain ourselves. It provides a global network infrastructure that enables billions of users to access information, services, and applications from anywhere in the world. Understanding basic Internet usage involves knowing the various services available and how they can be utilized effectively for different purposes. Key Areas of Internet Usage The Internet finds applications across numerous domains of modern life: Communication − Email, instant messaging, video calls, and social networking platforms Education and Research − Online courses, digital libraries, academic databases, and collaborative research Business and ...
Read MoreX.25 and Frame Relay
X.25 and Frame Relay are two important packet switching technologies used in wide area networking. Both protocols enable efficient data transmission across WANs but with different approaches to error handling and performance optimization. X.25 Protocol X.25 is a protocol suite defined by ITU-T for packet switched communications over WAN (Wide Area Network). It was originally designed for use in the 1970s and became very popular in 1980s. Presently, it is used for networks for ATMs and credit card verification. It allows multiple logical channels to use the same physical line and permits data exchange between terminals with different ...
Read MoreBasic Ethernet
Ethernet is a set of technologies and protocols that are used primarily in LANs. However, Ethernet can also be used in MANs and even WANs. It was first standardized in the 1980s as IEEE 802.3 standard. Since then, it has gone through four generations of evolution. Ethernet Generations Standard 10 Mbps Fast 100 Mbps Gigabit 1 Gbps 10-Gigabit 10 Gbps ...
Read MoreNetwork Standardization
Networking standards define the rules for data communications that are needed for interoperability of networking technologies and processes. Standards help in creating and maintaining open markets and allow different vendors to compete on the basis of the quality of their products while being compatible with existing market products. During data communication, a number of standards may be used simultaneously at the different layers. The commonly used standards at each layer are − Application layer − HTTP, HTML, POP, H.323, IMAP Transport layer − TCP, SPX Network layer − IP, IPX Data link layer − Ethernet IEEE 802.3, ...
Read MoreBandwidth-Limited Signals
The range of frequencies that are used for transmitting a signal without being substantially attenuated is called the bandwidth. It is calculated as the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies and is expressed in Hertz (Hz). For example, if the minimum frequency is 100 Hz and the maximum frequency is 1000 Hz, the bandwidth will be 900 Hz. The bandwidth of a transmission medium is the frequency width of the medium and depends on its physical characteristics like thickness, material, and length. For example, the bandwidth of a coaxial cable is typically 750 MHz. ...
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