Data Structure
Networking
RDBMS
Operating System
Java
MS Excel
iOS
HTML
CSS
Android
Python
C Programming
C++
C#
MongoDB
MySQL
Javascript
PHP
A semaphore is a shared variable which is used to implement mutual exclusion between system processes. It is mainly helpful to solve critical section problems and is a technique to achieve process synchronization.There are two types of semaphores which are as follows −Binary semaphore − Can take only two values, 0 or 1 which means at a time only one process can enter into the critical section. Semaphore is initialized to 1.Counting semaphore − Can take any non-negative value N which means at a time at most N processes can enter into CS. Semaphore is initialized to N.Critical section is ... Read More
Linux File Hierarchy Structure is defining the directory structure and the contents of the directory which have been alike to the Unix-like Operating Systems. It is maintained by the Linux Foundation.They are being used for looking at all files and the directories which appear under the root directory. They can be looked upon even if they have been stored on different physical or virtual devices.Even if some of these directories only exist on the particular systems or certain subsystems that can include the OS X, Windows System is installed.ImportanceThe importance of file hierarchy structure is given below −The biggest importance ... Read More
Interrupts are generally called signals which are generated by the software or hardware when a particular event or process requires immediate attention. So, the signal informs the processor about a high priority and urgent information demand causing interruption in the current working process.Thus, whenever an interruption occurs the processor finishes the current instruction execution and starts the execution of the interrupt known as interrupt handling. Moreover, for every interrupt handling to occur there is an Interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler.Interrupt handling in modern operating systems −In several operating systems such as Linux.mac or windows Interrupt handling is divided ... Read More
A process is defined as a program in execution and an entity that represents the basic unit of work to be implemented in the system.Process switchIt is defined as that the processor switches from one thread/process to another thread or process. It makes the contents of the CPU registers and instruction pointer to be saved.For the new task, the registers and instruction pointer are loaded into the processor then the execution of the new process may start/resume.The old programs will not execute further, but the state of that process is saved in memory because when the kernel decides that it ... Read More
User Interface Design is the design of the interface or system which is directly accessible by the user and they interact with in order to do a task. It establishes the way with which the user will interact with the product.Its main aim is to enhance the appearance of the product, the quality of technology used and the usability of the product. It refers to the software or the hardware of the system which the user can see and also the various ways or commands to control or use the product.It focuses on the looks or how the app or ... Read More
Let us understand the concepts of user interface and user interaction designs respectively.User Interface DesignThe design of the user interface is directly accessible by the user and they interact with in order to do a task. It establishes the way with which the user will interact with the product.Its main aim is to enhance the appearance of the product, the quality of technology used, and the usability of the product. It refers to the software or the hardware of the system which the user can see and also the various ways or commands to control or use the product.It focuses ... Read More
Generally, an interface acts as a shared boundary across two or more separate components of a computer system that are used to exchange information. Those exchanges can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, etc.Now let us discuss the good interface and bad interface.A good interface design is user friendly. This is because it is easy to navigate, easy to use, easy to understand, interactive and effective. A good design should always be clear and user centric.Features −ClearConsistentSimpleUser controlledForgivingProvide feedbackSome of the Examples of Good Interface design −Elastic Scrolling on iOSDropbox’s responsive colour system.Pinterest’s waterfall effectA bad interface design is ... Read More
Application ProgramApplication programs are programs that are developed for end-users. These programs provide an application to the end-user and hence used by them. They are loaded into the system according to the needs of the user.The examples include web browsers, Email, gaming, etc.System ProgramSystem Programs are the programs that are used to develop and program the operating system. They act as middleware between the user interface and system calls.The end-user while interacting with the OS uses application programs that in turn give rise to various system calls and the tasks are executed. Also, an OS provides services to run the ... Read More
Generally shell is a software program that acts as a mediator between the kernel and the user. It reads the commands and interrupts by sending requests to execute a program. So, the shell is known as a command interpreter.It contains almost 100 system calls. It tells the kernel to carry out various tasks for the program. These tasks are as follows −Opening a file.Writing a file.Obtaining information about a file.Executing programs.Terminating a process.Changing the priority of processes.Getting the time and date.A shell is a layer of user programs that executes our commands. It is like an interface to the operating ... Read More
The different type of process executing in the operating system and a process which connects the different types of tasks to the operating system is called Inter process communication.The inter process communication is used between the computer and different types of tasks are interconnected with the operating system.A process that is executing concurrently in the operating system can be either an independent process or cooperative process.Independent processIt is a process which is independent and it is not affected by other processes executing in the system. Any process that does not share data with any other process is independent.Cooperative processIt is ... Read More