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Pascal - Bit Operators
The Bitwise operators supported by Pascal are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| & | Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. | (A & B) will give 12, which is 0000 1100 |
| | | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. | (A | B) will give 61, which is 0011 1101 |
| ! | Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. Its same as | operator. | (A ! B) will give 61, which is 0011 1101 |
| ~ | Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits. | (~A ) will give -61, which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number. |
| << | Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A << 2 will give 240, which is 1111 0000 |
| >> | Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand. | A >> 2 will give 15, which is 0000 1111 |
Please note that different implementations of Pascal differ in bitwise operators. Free Pascal, the compiler we used here, however, supports the following bitwise operators −
| Operators | Operations |
|---|---|
| not | Bitwise NOT |
| and | Bitwise AND |
| or | Bitwise OR |
| xor | Bitwise exclusive OR |
| shl | Bitwise shift left |
| shr | Bitwise shift right |
| << | Bitwise shift left |
| >> | Bitwise shift right |
The following example illustrates the concept −
program beBitwise;
var
a, b, c: integer;
begin
a := 60; (* 60 = 0011 1100 *)
b := 13; (* 13 = 0000 1101 *)
c := 0;
c := a and b; (* 12 = 0000 1100 *)
writeln('Line 1 - Value of c is ', c );
c := a or b; (* 61 = 0011 1101 *)
writeln('Line 2 - Value of c is ', c );
c := not a; (* -61 = 1100 0011 *)
writeln('Line 3 - Value of c is ', c );
c := a << 2; (* 240 = 1111 0000 *)
writeln('Line 4 - Value of c is ', c );
c := a >> 2; (* 15 = 0000 1111 *)
writeln('Line 5 - Value of c is ', c );
end.
When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −
Line 1 - Value of c is 12 Line 2 - Value of c is 61 Line 3 - Value of c is -61 Line 4 - Value of c is 240 Line 5 - Value of c is 15
pascal_operators.htm
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