To extract first value from a list, we first need to access the element using double square brackets then the sub-element of each element will be accessed using single square brackets. For example, if we have a list called LIST containing five elements each having 10 elements then the first ... Read More

Generally, we put the plot title on top side of the plot but we can put it inside the plot as well. Of course, this will change the display of the chart but it will also get attraction of viewers. To do this, we can use the theme function of ... Read More

To find the column index that matches a condition, we can use apply function. This condition could be values in columns greater than something, less than something, equal to something, or any other condition for numerical variables. For example, if we want to check which columns of data df contains ... Read More

When we sort a data frame column in R, the row names are lost but we might need them. Therefore, sorting without losing row names is required and it can be done with the help of order function. For example, if we have a data frame called df that has ... Read More

When we matrices of larger size and the data is expected to from the same distribution or from same sources then we might expect that the matrices are equal. In this type of situations, we would like to check whether the two matrices are equal or not. This can be ... Read More

To display 0 at Y-axis, we can set the limits for Y-axis using scale_y_continuous function of ggplot2 package. For example, if we have two columns say x and y in an R data frame called df then the scatterplot with displaying 0 at Y-axis can be created by using the ... Read More

To create boxplot using ggplot2 without whiskers, we need to use coef argument inside geom_boxplot function. For example, if we have data frame called df and there exists one categorical variable x and one response variable y then the boxplots for categories without whiskers can be created by using ggplot(df, ... Read More

If we have two vectors say x and y, x contains 1, 6 and y contains 5, 10 then the sequence of values between these two vectors will be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Here the sequence is created by using the corresponding elements ... Read More

The first quartile is the value that exists at the 25th percentile, that means there are 25% of values in the data that lie below first quartile. When we find the summary of data frame the output returns this value but if we want to extract only the first quartile ... Read More

The length of the largest string can be found with the help of max function combined with nchar function. For this purpose, we first need to access the appropriate column that contains string values. Suppose, we have a data frame called df that contains a string column defined as CHAR ... Read More