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Articles by Jai Janardhan
41 articles
Protocol and Protocol Hierarchies
A protocol is a set of rules and conventions agreed upon and followed by the communicating entities for data communication. A protocol outlines the what, how, and when of a communication. Three Aspects of a Protocol Syntax − It defines the format of data that is to be sent or received. Semantics − It defines the meaning of each section of bits that are transferred. Timing − It defines the time at which data is transferred as well as the speed at which it is transferred. ...
Read MoreConnection-Oriented Services
A connection-oriented service is one that establishes a dedicated connection between the communicating entities before data communication commences. It is modeled after the telephone system. To use a connection-oriented service, the user first establishes a connection, uses it, and then releases it. In connection-oriented services, the data streams/packets are delivered to the receiver in the same order in which they have been sent by the sender. Connection-Oriented Service Flow Sender Receiver 1. Connection Request 2. ...
Read MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of the OSI Model
The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. While it serves as an important reference model for understanding network communication, it has both significant advantages and notable limitations. OSI Model Structure 7. Application 6. Presentation 5. Session 4. Transport ...
Read MoreBasic Network Hardware
The basic computer hardware components that are needed to set up a network are as follows. Each device plays a specific role in enabling communication between computers and other devices on the network. Network Cable NIC Switch Router Gateway Internet ...
Read MoreHow Server-Sent Events Works in HTML5?
Server-Sent Events (SSE) is an HTML5 technology that allows a web server to push data to a client automatically. Unlike traditional polling methods, SSE maintains a persistent connection where the server continuously sends updates to the client without requiring repeated requests. How Server-Sent Events Work Server-Sent Events establish a one-way communication channel from server to client. The client opens a connection to the server using the EventSource API, and the server keeps this connection alive to send real-time updates. This is particularly useful for live feeds, notifications, chat messages, and real-time data updates. Server-Sent ...
Read MoreHow to work with document.embeds in JavaScript?
The document.embeds property in JavaScript provides access to all elements in an HTML document. It returns an HTMLCollection containing all embed elements, which is useful for managing embedded content like videos, audio files, or plugins. Syntax document.embeds document.embeds.length document.embeds[index] document.embeds.namedItem(name) Basic Example Here's how to count and access embed elements in a document: Document Embeds Example ...
Read MoreHow to set whether the style of the font is normal, italic or oblique with JavaScript?
To set the style of the font in JavaScript, use the fontStyle property. This property accepts three values: normal, italic, and oblique. Syntax element.style.fontStyle = "normal" | "italic" | "oblique"; Example: Setting Font Style to Italic This is Demo Text. This is Demo Text. This is Demo Text. This is Demo Text. This is Demo Text. This is Demo Text. This is Demo Text. This ...
Read MoreHow to set the position of the list-item marker with JavaScript?
To set the position of the marker of the list-item, use the listStylePosition property in JavaScript. This property determines whether the list marker appears inside or outside the list item's content flow. Syntax element.style.listStylePosition = "inside" | "outside" | "inherit"; Parameters Value Description inside Marker is positioned inside the list item's content box outside Marker is positioned outside the list item's content box (default) inherit Inherits the value from parent element Example: Interactive List Position ...
Read MoreHow to set the right margin of an element with JavaScript?
Use the marginRight property in JavaScript to set the right margin of an element. This property accepts values in pixels, percentages, or other CSS units. Syntax element.style.marginRight = "value"; Example #myID { border: 2px solid #000000; background-color: #f0f0f0; padding: 10px; } ...
Read MoreHow -Infinity is converted to Boolean in JavaScript?
In JavaScript, -Infinity is considered a truthy value and converts to true when converted to Boolean. This might be surprising since negative infinity seems conceptually "negative, " but JavaScript treats all non-zero numbers (including infinities) as truthy. Using Boolean() Constructor The Boolean() constructor explicitly converts values to their boolean equivalent: Convert -Infinity to Boolean var myVal = -Infinity; document.write("Boolean: ...
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