In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand conversion of whole string to uppercase or lowercase using STL in C++.To perform this transformation, C++ STL provides toupper() and tolower() functions to convert to uppercase and lowercase respectively.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; int main(){    string su = "Tutorials point";    transform(su.begin(), su.end(), su.begin(), ::toupper);    cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand virtual functions in C++.Virtual function is the member function defined in the base class and can further be defined in the child class as well. While calling the derived class, the overwritten function will be called.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class base {    public:    virtual void print(){       cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand virtual destruction using shared_ptr in C++.To delete the instances of a class, we define the destructor of the base class to be virtual. So it deletes the various object instances inherited in the reverse order in which they were created.Example Live Demo#include #include using namespace std; class Base {    public:    Base(){       cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand virtual base class in C++.Virtual classes are primarily used during multiple inheritance. To avoid, multiple instances of the same class being taken to the same class which later causes ambiguity, virtual classes are used.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class A {    public:    int a;    A(){       a = 10;    } }; class B : public virtual A { }; class C : public virtual A { }; class D : public B, public C { }; int main(){    //creating class D object    D object;    cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand how to use class to implement vector quantities in C++.Vector quantities are the ones which have both magnitude and direction. Here we will be implementing them using classes and then performing basic operations on them.Example Live Demo#include #include using namespace std; class Vector {    private:    int x, y, z;    //components of the Vector    public:    Vector(int x, int y, int z){       this->x = x;       this->y = y;       this->z = z;    }    Vector operator+(Vector ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand Type interference in C++ (auto and decltype). In the case of auto keyword, the type of the variable is defined from the type of its initializer. Further, with decltype, it lets you extract the type of variable from the called element. auto type Example Here is the following example of auto-type in C++. #include using namespace std; int main() { auto x = 4; auto y = 3.37; auto ptr = & x; cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand trivial classes in C++.When a class/ struct contains explicitly defaulted value inside it, then it is known as Trivial classes. Further trivial classes have their own constructor, assignment operator and destructor.Example//using the default constructor struct Trivial {    int i;    private:    int j; }; //defining your own constructor //and then marking it as default struct Trivial2 {    int i;    Trivial2(int a, int b){       i = a;    }    Trivial2() = default; };Output(No output as we are just defining classes here and not creating object instances from them.)

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand the transform_inclusive_scan() function in C++.Example Live Demo#include #include using namespace std; namespace point_input_iterator {    template    OutputItrator transform_inclusive_scan(InputItrator first,       InputItrator last,       OutputItrator d_first,       BinaryOperation binary_op,       UnaryOperation unary_op){             *d_first = unary_op(*first);       first++;       d_first++;       for (auto it = first; it != last; it++) {          //calculating the prefix sum          *d_first = binary_op(unary_op(*it), *(d_first ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand thread get_id() function in C++.Thread get_id() function verifies the current state of the process and then returns the id for the current thread in execution. This function doesn’t take any parameters.Example#include #include #include using namespace std; //creating thread void sleepThread(){    this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::seconds(1)); } int main(){    thread thread1(sleepThread);    thread thread2(sleepThread);    thread::id t1_id = thread1.get_id();    thread::id t2_id = thread2.get_id();    cout

In this tutorial, we will be discussing a program to understand containership in C++.The parameter if a certain class contains another class is called as containership. The inside class is called contained class, while the class in which it is present is called container class.Example Live Demo#include using namespace std; class first {    public:    first(){       cout