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R Programming Articles
Page 81 of 174
How to perform fisher test in R?
The fisher test helps us to understand whether there exists a significant non-random relationship among categorical variables or not. It is applied on contingency tables because these tables are used to represent the frequency for categorical variables and we can apply it on a matrix as well as matrices have the similar form. In R, we can use fisher.test function to perform the fisher test.ExampleM1
Read MoreHow to get the list of data sets available in base R or in a package in R?
There are many data sets available in base R and in different packages of R. The characteristics of these data sets are very different, for example, some data sets are time series data, some have only numerical columns, some have numerical as well as factor columns, some includes character columns with other type of columns. Therefore, it becomes helpful to everyone who want to learn the use of R programming. To get the list of available data sets in base R we can use data() but to get the list of data sets available in a package we first need ...
Read MoreHow to add a new column in an R data frame by combining two columns with a special character?
A data frame can have multiple types of column and some of them could be combined to make a single column based on their characteristics. For example, if a column has characters and the other has numbers then we might want to join them by separating with a special character to showcase them as an identity.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> ID Frequency set.seed(111) > ID Frequency df dfOutput ID Frequency 1 A 78 2 B 84 3 C 83 4 D 47 5 E 25 6 F 59 7 G 69 8 ...
Read MoreHow to select columns of an R data frame that are not in a vector?
An R data frame can have so many columns and we might want to select them except a few. In this situation, it is better to extract columns by deselecting the columns that are not needed instead of selecting the columns that we need because the number of columns needed are more than the columns that are not needed. This can be done easily with the help of ! sign and single square brackets.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> Age Gender Salary ID Education Experience df dfOutput ID Gender Age Salary Experience Education 1 ...
Read MoreHow to cut the elements of a numeric vector into multiple intervals in R?
A numeric vector may contain a large number of elements; therefore, we might want to convert that vector into a vector of intervals. For example, if we have 1 to 10 values in a vector then we might want to convert that vector into a vector of intervals such as (1, 5) for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and (6, 10) for 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). This can be done by using cut function where we will use breaks argument to combine the vector elements in an interval.Examples> x1 x1Output[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...
Read MoreHow to match two string vectors if the strings case is different in both the vectors in R?
We know that, R is a case sensitive programming language, hence matching strings of different case is not simple. For example, if a vector contains tutorialspoint and the other contains TUTORIALSPOINT then to check whether the strings match or not, we cannot use match function directly. To do this, we have to convert the lowercase string to uppercase or uppercase to lowercase with the match function.Examples> x1 x1Output[1] "z" "v" "r" "y" "z" "l" "v" "t" "f" "p" "p" "z" "e" "b" "a" "o" "m" "d" [19] "e" "l" "y" "y" "u" "u" "w" "b" "a" "j" "n" "v" "b" ...
Read MoreHow to find power of a matrix in R?
The power of a matrix in R cannot be found directly because there is not function in base R for that. Therefore, for this purpose we can use %^% of expm package. Firstly, we will install the expm package then load it and use %^%. For example, suppose we have a matrix called M and we want to find the M raise to the power 2 then it can be done as − M %^%2ExampleInstalling and Loading expm package −install.packages("expm") library(expm)ExampleM1
Read MoreHow to combine matrices having same number of columns in R?
The matrices that have same number of columns can be combined by rows. For example, if we have five matrices list, each having six columns then those matrices can be converted into a single matric by joining the rows of those matrices. It can be done by using do.call(rbind,”List_of_matrices_object_name”).ExampleConsider the below matrices and their list −M1
Read MoreHow to create a matrix with random values in R?
Generally, a matrix is created with given values but if we want to create the matrix with random values then we will use the usual method with the matrix function. Random selection in R can be done in many ways depending on our objective, for example, if we want to randomly select values from normal distribution then rnorm function will be used and to store it in a matrix, we will pass it inside matrix function.ExampleM1
Read MoreHow to split a long string into a vector of substrings of equal sizes in R?
If a vector is recorded as a single string by mistake or the file that contains the data did not separated the string in an appropriate way then we might need to split in the correct form so that we can proceed with the further analysis. This might happen when the levels of a factor variable that have equal name length are not separated. In this case, we can split the string into a vector that contain substring of equal sizes by using substring function.ExamplesJust look at these examples to understand how substring function can help us to split the ...
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