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R Programming Articles
Page 74 of 174
How to create blue or red colored boxplots in R using ggplot2?
The default color of boxplot area in R using ggplot2 is white but we might want to change that color to something more attracting, for example blue or red. To do this purpose, we can use geom_boxplot function of ggplot2 package with fill argument by passing the color names.Consider the below data frame −Exampleset.seed(1321) v1
Read MoreHow to calculate population variance in R?
There is no function in R to calculate the population variance but we can use the population size and sample variance to find it. We know that the divisor in population variance is the population size and if we multiply the output of var(it calculates sample variance) function with (population size – 1)/population size then the output will be population variance.Exampleset.seed(141) x1
Read MoreHow to create a subset of an R data frame having complete cases of a particular column?
If we have missing values in a data frame then all the values cannot be considered complete cases and we might want to extract only values that are complete. We might want extract the complete cases for a particular column only. Therefore, we can use negation of is.na for the column of the data frame that we want to subset.Consider the below data frame −Exampleset.seed(123) x
Read MoreHow to fill the NA with last observation in the column of an R data frame?
There are multiple ways to fill missing values in data analysis and one of the ways is filling them with the previous value in the same column of the data frame. For example, if we have a column x in data frame df and this columns x contains some NA values then we can fill them with the values in the upper row. This can be done with the help of na.locf function of zoo package.Consider the below data frame −Exampleset.seed(477) x
Read MoreHow to find the root mean square of a vector in R?
To find the root mean square of a vector we can find the mean of the squared values then take the square root of the resulting vector. This can be done in a single and very short line of code. For example, if we have a vector x and we want to find the root mean square of this vector then it can be done as sqrt(mean(x^2)).Examplex1
Read MoreHow to round correlation values in the correlation matrix to zero decimal places in R?
To find the correlation matrix, we simply need to use cor function with the data frame object name. For example, if we have a data frame named as df then the correlation matrix can be found by using cor(df). But the result will have too many decimal places to represent the correlation. If we want to avoid the values after decimal places, we can use round function.Consider the mtcars data in base R −Exampledata(mtcars) cor(mtcars)Output mpg cyl disp hp drat ...
Read MoreHow to create a list of an unordered combination of elements in a string vector in R?
An unordered combination of elements means that the combination of the values in a way that does not make any particular arrangement. For example, if we have three values one, two, and three then they can be arranged in the following way which is unordered −"one" "two" "three" "one" "two" "one" three" "two" "three" "one" "two" "three"Examplex
Read MoreHow to subtract one data frame from another in R?
If we have two data frames with same number of columns of same data type and equal number of rows then we might want to find the difference between the corresponding values of the data frames. To do this, we simply need to use minus sign. For example, if we have data-frames df1 and df2 then the subtraction can be found as df1-df2.Consider the below data frame −Examplex1
Read MoreHow to display the values of two columns of an R data frame separately in a plot?
In general, the scatterplot is used to visualize the relationship between two columns of an R data frame but if we want to display the two columns separately not as a pair then we need to use matplot function. This function will create a plot for all the values in the two columns and represent them by their column number.Consider the below data frame −Exampleset.seed(222) x
Read MoreHow to change a data frame with comma separated values in columns to multiple columns in R?
Mostly, we need to import the data from an outside source in R environment for analysis and these data can be recorded as comma separated values that represent rows. If we want to create the columns for the comma separated values then cSplit function of splitstackshape package can be used. In the below example, we have created a data frame with comma separated values then splitting those values as single value in each column.Consider the below data frame −Exampledf=data.frame(x=apply(matrix(rpois(200, 10), 20, 10), 1, paste, collapse=", ")) dfoutputx 1 8, 12, 7, 12, 10, 8, 11, 6, 8, 7 2 9, ...
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