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R Programming Articles
Page 27 of 174
How to set the text position using geom_text in R?
To set the text position using geom_text, we can use the value for the X-axis and Y-axis with appropriate positions. We need to make sure that the values we set for both the axes do not lie within the data otherwise the text will be printed on the plot we want to draw and it will become less attractiveExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to create duplicate matrices and merge them together in R?
To create duplicate matrices, we can use replicate function that will repeat the original matrix and if we want to merge those matrices together then we can use rbind with do.call. For example, if we have a matrix called M then creation of it’s one duplicate and merging them together can be done using the command −do.call(rbind,replicate(2,M,simplify=FALSE))ExampleM
Read MoreHow to find the percentage for frequencies stored in a vector with two decimal places in R?
To find the percentage for frequencies stored in a vector with two decimal places can be done with the help of sum function and round function. For example, if we have a vector of frequencies say x then the percentage of these frequencies can be found by using the command round((x/sum(x))*100,2). Check out the below examples to understand how it works.Example1Frequency1
Read MoreHow to find the index of the nearest smallest number in an R data frame column?
To find the index of the nearest smallest number in an R data frame column, we can use which function along with subsetting for the value for which we want to find the index of the nearest smallest number. To understand how it can be done check out the below examples.Example1Consider the below data frame −ID
Read MoreHow to create a data frame column with letters of both size in R?
To create a data frame column with letters of both sizes, we can simply use the letters function and LETTERS function, the first one corresponds to lowercase letters and the latter corresponds to uppercase letters with single square brackets as shown in the below examples.Example1df1
Read MoreHow to check if a data frame column contains duplicate values in R?
To check if a data frame column contains duplicate values, we can use duplicated function along with any. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column ID then we can check whether ID contains duplicate values or not by using the command −any(duplicated(df$ID))Example1Consider the below data frame −ID
Read MoreHow to find the mean squared error for linear model in R?
To find the mean squared error for linear model, we can use predicted values of the model and find the error from dependent variable then take its square and the mean of the whole output. For example, if we have a linear model called M for a data frame df then we can find the mean squared error using the command mean((df$y-predict(M))^2).Example1Consider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to change the tick size using ggplot2 in R?
To change the tick size using ggplot2, we can use theme function with argument axis.ticks.length. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains two columns say x and y then the scatterplot between x and y with larger size of tick marks can be created by using the below command −ggplot(df,aes(x,y))+geom_point()+theme(axis.ticks.length=unit(0.8,"inch"))ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to change the code "Yes" to 1 in an R data frame column?
To change the code “Yes” to 1, we can use ifelse function and set the Yes to 1 and others to 0. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a character column x which has Yes and No values then we can convert those values to 1 and 0 using the command ifelse(df$x=="Yes",1,0).Example1Consider the below data frame −Agree
Read MoreHow to create horizontal lines for each bar in a bar plot of base R?
To create horizontal lines for each bar in a bar plot of base R, we can use abline function and pass the same values as in the original barplot with h argument that represents horizontal with different color to make the plot a little better in terms of visualization.Examplex
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