Programming Articles - Page 439 of 3363

Introduction Python Integers are one of the primary data types, and are used for almost all major mathematical and logical operations. In Python, integers are zero, positive or negative whole numbers without a fractional part and having unlimited precision.They can be expressed in binary, octal and hexadecimal values. In this article, we will learn how to obtain the sign of an integer. Methods Used Using simple mathematical comparison with zero Using copysign() function of math module Using numpy.sign() function Creating a method with abs() function Method 1: Using Mathematical Comparison with Zero We ... Read More

What is an Interpreter? The Python interpreter works as a computer converter that converts high-level language to low-level machine language, which is essential for the computer to understand the code written by a programmer. Python codes are executed by an interpreter called CPython, which is written in C language and executes instructions in a block of code one line after another. Steps used Lexing Parsing Creation of byte code Conversion to machine-executable code Returning output Let’s dive into the steps in detail. Step 1: Lexing The first step of analyzing a code block in ... Read More

Introduction Python initially started off as Python version2, which is also known as the Legacy Edition. The last edition of Python2 was Python2.7, which went out of service in 2020. Python 3.x was introduced as a replacement, with a host of improvements and bug fixes over the Python 2.x versions. The older Legacy Python was a LTS software, which means it had Long-Time Support. However, Python 3.x versions are backward incompatible releases, which makes it very essential to upgrade Python 2 codebases to Python 3, to fully enjoy the ease and support of Python 3. The biggest reasons for upgrading ... Read More

The cd command is one of most fundamental commands in Bash shell. It is used to change current working directory to a specified location. This command is particularly useful when navigating through file system, especially in situations where you need to access files or directories in a different location. In this article, we will explore how to use cd command in Bash scripts. What is cd Command? Before diving into usage of cd command, it is important to understand what it does. cd command is a built-in command in Bash that is used to change current working directory. When you ... Read More

Introduction Image Segmentation is the process of dividing a digital image into smaller groups so that processing and analyzing the larger images becomes easier and simpler. Region and Edge-based segmentation are different types of Image Segmentation. Before diving into Region and Edge based Segmentation, let us have a brief overview of how segmentation is done. Image Segmentation In simpler terms, segmentation is the process of assigning specific labels to pixels in an image. A group of pixels with the same label become a segment of the larger image. For example, below are two images with their segmentation. In the ... Read More

Introduction Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a supervised algorithm used to represent data into lower dimensions which reduces the number of features while preserving enough basic information to construct the original matrix from the reduced feature space. In this article, we will be going explore more about NMF and how it can be useful. Non-Negative Matrix Factorization NMF is used to reduce the dimensions of the input matrix or corpus. It uses factor analysis which gives less importance to less relevant words. The decomposition of the original matrix(which is a non-negative matrix) thus creates a product of two non-negative coefficients ... Read More

Introduction Multilingual Google Meet summarizer is a tool/chrome extension that can create transcriptions for google meet conversations in multiple languages. During the COVID times people, they need a tool that can effectively summarize meetings, classroom lectures, and convection videos. Thus such a tool can be quite useful in this regard. In this article, let us have an overview of the project structure and explore some implementation aspects with the help of code. What this project is all about? This is a simple chrome extension that when enabled during a google meet session can generate meeting transcriptions and summarize the conversation ... Read More

Introduction Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) is based on the relationship between a teacher and the learners in a class. In a particular class, a teacher imparts knowledge to the students through his/her hard work. The students or learners then interact with each other among themselves and improve their knowledge. Let us explore more about Teacher Learning Based Optimization through this article. What is TLBO? Let us consider a population p (particularly a class) and the number of learners l in the class. There may be decisive variables (subjects from which learners gain knowledge) for the optimization problem. Two modes ... Read More

Introduction The Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm is inspired by nature and is based on the social behavior of birds in a flock or the behavior of fish and is a population-based algorithm for search. It is a simulation to discover the pattern in which birds fly and their formations and grouping during flying activity. Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm In the PSO Algorithm, each individual is considered to be a particle in some high-dimensional search space. Inspired by the social and psychological behavior of people, which they tend to copy from other people's success, similar changes are made to the particles ... Read More

Introduction Image Segmentation is the process of partitioning an image into multiple regions based on the characteristics of the pixels in the original image. Clustering is a technique to group similar entities and label them. Thus, for image segmentation using clustering, we can cluster similar pixels using a clustering algorithm and group a particular cluster pixel as a single segment. Thus, let's explore more image segmentation using clustering, Image Segmentation The process of image segmentation by clustering can be carried out using two methods. Agglomerative clustering Divisive clustering In Agglomerative clustering, we label a pixel to a close ... Read More