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Programming Articles
Page 2532 of 2547
Difference between #include and #include "filename" in C/C++?
The difference between the two forms is in the location where the preprocessor searches for the file to be included.#include The preprocessor searches in an implementation-dependent manner, it searches directories pre-designated by the compiler. This method is usually used to include standard library header files.#include "filename"The preprocessor searches in the same directory as the file containing the directive. If this fails, then it starts behaving like the #include form. This method is usually used to include your own header files.
Read MoreWhat is the difference between C++0x and C++11?
C++ and C Standards are usually named after the year they are published in. For example, in C++, the original Standard was published in 1998, so it is called C++98, and its first correction, published in 2003 is called C++03.For the next revision, it was supposed that the next Standard after would be done by 2008, but since it was uncertain, it was named C++0x, where the x stood for either 8 or 9. Though planning shifted and it is now called C++11. So, C++0x was the name for the standard before it was published. Once it was finalized in ...
Read MoreDo you think a Python dictionary is thread safe?
Yes, a Python dictionary is thread safe. Actually, all built-ins in python are thread safe. You can read moreabout this in the documentation: https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-global-interpreter-lock
Read MoreWhy accessing an array out of bounds does not give any error in C++?
This is due to the fact that C++ does not do bounds checking. Languages like Java and python have bounds checking so if you try to access an out of bounds element, they throw an error. C++ design principle was that it shouldn't be slower than the equivalent C code, and C doesn't do array bounds checking.So if you try to access this out of bounds memory, the behavior of your program is undefined as this is written in the C++ standard. In general, whenever you encounter undefined behavior, anything might happen. The application may crash, it may freeze, it ...
Read MoreHow to create a Python dictionary from text file?
Assuming a following text file (dict.txt) is present1 aaa2 bbb3 cccFollowing Python code reads the file using open() function. Each line as string is split at space character. First component is used as key and second as valued = {} with open("dict.txt") as f: for line in f: (key, val) = line.split() d[int(key)] = val print (d)The output shows contents of file in dictionary form{1: 'aaa', 2: 'bbb', 3: 'ccc'}
Read MoreWhat is possible key/value delimiter in Python dictionary?
You can use any hashable object like int, string, etc as a key in a python dict. You need to separate it from the value using the ':' delimiter. The value can be any type of object. Consecutive key value pairs must be separated by a comma.
Read MoreWhat are the differences between struct and class in C++?
The members and base classes of a struct are public by default, while in class, they default to private. Struct and class are otherwise functionally equivalent.They are however used in different places due to semantics. a struct is more like a data structure that is used to represent data. class, on the other hand, is more of a functionality inclined construct. It mimics the way things are and work.
Read MoreHow do Python dictionary hash lookups work?
Dicts are hash tables. No tree searching is used. Looking up a key is a nearly constant time(Amortized constant) operation, regardless of the size of the dict. It creates the hash of the key, then proceeds to find the location associated with the hashed value. If a collision listed address is encountered, it starts the collision resolution algorithm to find the actual value.This causes dictionaries to take up more space as they are sparse.
Read MoreDifference between 'struct' and 'typedef struct' in C++?
In C++, there is no difference between 'struct' and 'typedef struct' because, in C++, all struct/union/enum/class declarations act like they are implicitly typedef'ed, as long as the name is not hidden by another declaration with the same name.Though there is one subtle difference that typedefs cannot be forward declared. So for the typedef option, you must include the file containing the typedef before it is used anywhere.
Read MoreHow to optimize Python Dictionary for performance?
dicts in python are heavily optimized. Creating a dict from N keys or key/value pairs is O(N), fetching is O(1), putting is amortized O(1), and so forth. You don't need to optimize them explicitly. You can be sure of this as python under the hood implements its own classes using dicts.Don't compare lists/tuples to dicts/sets though as they solve different problems.
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