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Programming Articles
Page 1129 of 2547
How to delete a list element that only contains NA in R?
To delete a list element that only contains NA, we can use Filter function with Negate function. For example, if we have a list called LIST that contains one or more elements having all NA’s then we can delete those elements using the command −Filter(Negate(anyNA),LIST)Example1Consider the below list −List1
Read MoreC++ program to find nth Term of the Series 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ...
In this problem, we are given an integer N. Our task is to create a program to Find Nth term of series 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8…Let’s take an example to understand the problem, InputN = 7Output4Solution ApproachA simple approach to solve the problem is using a loop to find the term at the nth position. The terms will be updated by doubling after each iteration. And adding it to the term counter.Program to illustrate the working of our solution, Example#include using namespace std; int calcNthTerm(int N) { ...
Read MoreHow to recode factors in R?
Sometimes we have factor levels that can be combined or we want to group those levels in a single level. It is mostly done in situations where we have only one value for a particular factor level or there exists some theoretical concept that leads to combining the factor levels. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a factor column say x having four categories A, B, C, and D then they can be grouped into A and B as −df$x[df$x %in% c("A","B")]
Read MoreWhat is the difference between class and typeof function in R?
The class function in R helps us to understand the type of object, for example the output of class for a data frame is integer and the typeof of the same object is list because data frames are stored as list in the memory but they are represented as a data frame. Check out the below examples with multiple type of objects to understand the differences.Example1x1
Read MoreHow to create transparent bar plot using ggplot2 in R?
To create transparent barplot using ggplot2, we can use alpha argument inside geom_bar function. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a categorical column say x and a numerical column say count then the bar plot with transparency can be created by using the command ggplot(df,aes(x,y))+geom_bar(alpha=0.1,stat="identity")ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to change the size of dots in dotplot created by using ggplot2 in R?
To change the size of dots in dotplot created by using ggplot2, we can use binwidth argument inside geom_dotplot. For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column x for which we want to create the dotplot then the plot with different size of dots can be created by using the command ggplot(df,aes(x))+geom_dotplot(binwidth=2).ExampleConsider the below data frame −x
Read MoreHow to find the opposite of %in% in R?
To find the opposite of %in%, we can use negation operator ! (exclamation sign). For example, if we have a data frame df that contains a column say x then to subset df by excluding some values (say 2, 3) we can use the command subset(df,!(x %in% c(2,3))).Example1Consider the below data frame −x1
Read MoreHow to create duplicate matrices and merge them together in R?
To create duplicate matrices, we can use replicate function that will repeat the original matrix and if we want to merge those matrices together then we can use rbind with do.call. For example, if we have a matrix called M then creation of it’s one duplicate and merging them together can be done using the command −do.call(rbind,replicate(2,M,simplify=FALSE))ExampleM
Read MoreHow to find the row-wise mode of a matrix in R?
There is no in-built function to find the mode in R, hence we need to create one and then apply it to the rows of the matrix. The function for mode is created as follows −mode M1 M1Output [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [1,] 2 2 1 2 2 [2,] 2 2 2 2 1 [3,] 2 2 1 1 1 [4,] 2 1 1 1 1 [5,] 2 1 1 2 2> apply(M1,1,mode)Output[1] 2 2 1 1 2Example2> M2 M2Output [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [1,] 1 1 2 2 1 [2,] 2 1 1 2 1 [3,] 2 2 1 1 1 [4,] 2 1 1 2 2 [5,] 2 1 1 2 2 [6,] 1 2 1 1 2 [7,] 1 1 2 1 2 [8,] 2 2 1 2 1 [9,] 2 1 1 2 2 [10,] 1 1 2 2 2 [11,] 1 1 2 1 2 [12,] 1 2 2 2 1 [13,] 2 2 2 2 1 [14,] 2 1 2 2 1 [15,] 1 2 1 1 2 [16,] 2 2 1 2 1 [17,] 2 2 1 1 1 [18,] 2 1 1 2 1 [19,] 1 1 1 2 1 [20,] 2 1 1 2 2> apply(M2,1,mode)Output[1] 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2Example3> M3 M3Output [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [1,] 1 3 3 2 1 [2,] 2 3 1 2 2 [3,] 2 2 3 3 1 [4,] 1 3 1 3 2 [5,] 3 1 2 1 2 [6,] 2 3 1 1 1 [7,] 2 2 2 3 1 [8,] 1 2 2 2 2 [9,] 2 1 2 1 2 [10,] 1 3 1 2 1 [11,] 2 1 3 1 1 [12,] 1 1 3 2 2 [13,] 2 1 1 1 2 [14,] 2 1 3 3 2 [15,] 1 2 3 1 2 [16,] 1 2 1 2 1 [17,] 3 1 1 3 2 [18,] 3 3 3 3 1 [19,] 3 2 3 1 1 [20,] 3 3 2 2 1> apply(M3,1,mode)Output[1] 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2Example4> M4 M4Output [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [1,] 10 10 9 10 9 [2,] 9 9 10 9 9 [3,] 9 9 9 10 10 [4,] 10 9 9 10 10 [5,] 10 10 9 10 9 [6,] 10 10 9 10 10 [7,] 9 9 9 10 9 [8,] 9 10 9 10 9 [9,] 9 9 9 9 9 [10,] 9 10 9 10 9 [11,] 10 10 9 9 9 [12,] 9 9 9 9 9 [13,] 10 10 10 9 10 [14,] 10 9 10 10 10 [15,] 9 10 9 10 9 [16,] 9 10 9 10 9 [17,] 9 10 10 9 10 [18,] 9 9 9 9 10 [19,] 10 9 9 10 9 [20,] 10 9 9 10 9> apply(M4,1,mode)Output[1] 10 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 10 9 9 9
Read MoreHow to find the percentage for frequencies stored in a vector with two decimal places in R?
To find the percentage for frequencies stored in a vector with two decimal places can be done with the help of sum function and round function. For example, if we have a vector of frequencies say x then the percentage of these frequencies can be found by using the command round((x/sum(x))*100,2). Check out the below examples to understand how it works.Example1Frequency1
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