Found 194 Articles for Power Systems

Electrolysis is a process which uses the electric current to stimulate a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. Michael Faraday formulated two laws governing the electrolytic processes in 1833. These laws show the quantitative relationship between the substance deposited at the electrodes and the quantity of electric charge passed.Faraday's First Law of ElectrolysisFaraday's first law of electrolysis states that “the mass of substance deposited at any electrode in a given time is directly proportional to the quantity of electric charge passing through the electrolyte.”Mathematically, $$\mathrm{\mathit{m}\propto \mathit{Q}\:\:\:\cdot \cdot \cdot \mathrm{\left ( \mathrm{1} \right )}}$$$$\mathrm{\Rightarrow \mathit{m}\propto \mathit{It}\:\:\:\cdot \cdot \cdot \mathrm{\left ( \mathrm{2} \right )}}$$$$\mathrm{\therefore \mathit{m}\:=\: ... Read More

What is Illumination?The luminous flux received by the surface per unit area is known as illumination. It is denoted by letter 'E' and is measured in Lux. Mathematically, illumination is given by, $$\mathrm{\mathit{E}\:=\:\frac{\mathrm{Luminous\: flux}}{Area}}$$In this article, let's check some of the definitions related to illumination.BrightnessThe luminous intensity per unit surface are of the projected surface in the given direction is termed as brightness of that surface. It is denoted by the letter 'L' and measured in candela/m2.Mathematically, if the luminous intensity of the source is 'I' candela on area 'A'. Then, the projected area will be Acosθ. Therefore, the brightness ... Read More

What is Illumination?The luminous flux received by the surface per unit area is known as illumination. Illumination is denoted by the letter ‘E’ and is measured in lux or lumen per square meter or meter candela or foot candela.Mathematically, illumination is given by the formula, $$\mathrm{\mathit{E}\:=\:\frac{\mathrm{Luminous\:Flux}}{\mathrm{Area}}}$$Practically, the illumination deals with the selection, design, installation and maintenance of the artificial sources of light used in practice.In this article, let's make sense of some of the common terms used in illumination.Color & WavelengthThe energy radiation of the heated body is of one color (or monochromatic), that means, the radiation of only one ... Read More

For a commercial lighting design to be successful, each area of the building must have a sufficient level of light to allow users to perform their tasks. Thus, to determine the desired illumination, proper lighting calculations are to be made.There are a number of methods employed for lighting calculations, the three main methods are given as follows −Watt per Square Meter MethodLumen MethodPoint to Point MethodWatt per Square Meter MethodThe watt per square meter method is fundamentally a rule of thumb method. This method of lighting calculation comes in handy when doing a quick calculation or double-check. It entails allocating ... Read More

The filament is the most important part of an incandescent lamp. The life of the incandescent lamp depends upon its filament. The ideal material used for the filament of the incandescent lamps is the one which has the following properties −It should have high melting point.Low temperature coefficient.High resistivity.Low vapor pressure.It should be ductile.It should have sufficient mechanical strength to withstand the vibrations during the operation.Low thermal coefficient of expansion.Materials Used in Lamp FilamentDifferent types of materials are used for making the filament of an incandescent lamp, some of these materials along with their properties are described below −CarbonCarbon may ... Read More

Electroslag welding (ESW) is a high productive and single pass welding process, in which the heat required for welding is generated by passing an electric current between the consumable electrode and the workpiece through a molten slag covering the weld surface.The Electroslag welding process is mainly used for welding of thick (more than 25 mm to about 300 mm) materials in a vertical or close to vertical position.Process of Electroslag WeldingIn Electroslag welding, the electric arc is initially struck by a wire that is fed into the desired weld location and then welding flux is added. Some additional welding flux ... Read More

Electro Gas Welding (EGW) is continuous arc welding process in which an electric arc is struck between a consumable electrode and the workpiece. The electro gas welding was developed in 1961. It is a vertical position arc welding process. In case of electro gas welding, a shielding gas is sometimes used, but pressure is not applied.Electro gas welding is mainly used to make square groove welds for butt and t-joints.Equipment Used in Electro Gas WeldingThe electro gas welding process uses a constant voltage DC welding power supply. The voltage ranges from 30 V to 50 V, while the welding current ... Read More

Electric Discharge LampsA lighting device consisting of a transparent container within which a gas is energized by applying an electric voltage and thereby made to glow is known as electric discharge lamp. The electric discharge lamp is also known as vapor lamp or gas-discharge lamp.Actually, the electric discharge lamp is family of artificial light sources that generates light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas. In all types of electric discharge lamps, an electric current is passed through a gas or vapor which renders it luminous. The most commonly used elements in these types of lamps are neon, ... Read More

LED BulbLED stands for Light Emitting Diode. The LED bulb has a P-N junction diode which produces light when an electric current passes through it. In LED bulb, when forward bias is applied to the PN junction, the recombination of charge carriers takes place. The result of this recombination of charge carriers is the emission of light and heat.CFL BulbCFL stands for Compact Fluorescent Lamp. The CFL lamps emits light by the ionization of mercury vapors. In CFL, the ionized low pressure mercury vapors produce UV rays, these UV rays collide with the phosphor coating and hence visible light is ... Read More

Incandescent BulbIncandescent bulb is a type of filament lamp which produces light by heating a filament made up of metals. The incandescent bulb operates on the principle of incandescence, which is the emission of light by heating metal filament.Incandescent lamps were the first type of electric illumination and invented by Thomas Alva Edison, an American inventor.An incandescent lamp is generally made out of a glass shell that houses a tungsten filament. An electric current flowing through the filament, heating it up to the temperature enough to produce light.Fluorescent LampA fluorescent lamp is a type of gas-discharge lamp which uses electric ... Read More