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Operating System Articles
Page 30 of 171
Google Android Architecture
Android is an operating system developed by Google for mobile systems. It is based on the Linux kernel and mainly designed for touchscreen devices such as tablets and smartphones. Android's layered architecture ensures modularity, security, and efficient resource management across diverse hardware platforms. The Android architecture is divided into four main layers and five sections, creating a structured environment where each layer serves specific functions and communicates with adjacent layers. Android Architecture Applications Contacts | Phone | Browser | Games ...
Read MoreSolaris OS Loadable Modules
Solaris is a Unix-based operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems and now maintained by Oracle as Oracle Solaris. It is renowned for its enterprise-grade scalability and innovative features such as DTrace (dynamic tracing), ZFS (Zettabyte File System), and Time Slider backup functionality. Solaris Kernel Architecture The Solaris kernel serves as the core component that manages hardware resources and system operations. Unlike monolithic kernels, Solaris employs a modular kernel design that allows dynamic loading and unloading of kernel modules, providing flexibility and efficient memory usage. Solaris Boot Process The Solaris boot sequence involves several distinct phases, ...
Read MoreWhat is a bootstrap program?
A bootstrap program is the first code that is executed when the computer system is started. The entire operating system depends on the bootstrap program to work correctly as it loads the operating system. Bootstrap Program Loading Process ROM (Non-volatile) Bootstrap Loads RAM (Volatile) Operating System ...
Read MoreAdvantages of using Loadable Kernel Modules
Loadable Kernel Modules (LKMs) are object files containing code that can extend the running kernel, also known as the base kernel. These modules allow dynamic addition of functionality such as device drivers, file systems, and system calls without modifying the core kernel code. Loadable Kernel Modules Architecture Base Kernel Core OS Functionality Process Management, Memory Module Interface File ...
Read MoreDifferent Operations on Processes
There are many operations that can be performed on processes. Some of these are process creation, process preemption, process blocking, and process termination. These are given in detail as follows − Process Creation Processes need to be created in the system for different operations. This can be done by the following events − User request for process creation System initialization Execution of a process creation system call by a running process Batch job initialization A process may be created by another process using fork(). The creating process is called the parent process and the ...
Read MoreInterprocess Communication with Sockets
Interprocess Communication (IPC) is the mechanism provided by the operating system that allows processes to communicate with each other. This communication could involve a process letting another process know that some event has occurred or transferring data from one process to another. Sockets are one of the most powerful IPC mechanisms, providing point-to-point, two-way communication between processes. They serve as endpoints of communication and can be associated with one or more processes. Sockets can facilitate communication between processes on the same machine or across different machines over a network. Types of Sockets The different types of sockets ...
Read MoreShort-term vs medium-term vs long-term scheduling
Process Scheduling handles the selection of a process for the processor on the basis of a scheduling algorithm and also the removal of a process from the processor. It is an important part of multiprogramming in operating systems. Process scheduling involves three levels: short-term scheduling, medium-term scheduling, and long-term scheduling. Each operates at different time intervals and serves distinct purposes in the overall system performance. Long-Term Scheduling Long-term scheduling involves selecting processes from the storage pool in secondary memory and loading them into the ready queue in main memory for execution. This is handled by the long-term ...
Read MoreMulti-Threading Models
Multithreading allows the execution of multiple parts of a program at the same time. These parts are known as threads and are lightweight processes available within the process. Therefore, multithreading leads to maximum utilization of the CPU by multitasking. The main models for multithreading are one-to-one model, many-to-one model, and many-to-many model. Each model defines how user-level threads are mapped to kernel-level threads, affecting performance and system behavior. One-to-One Model The one-to-one model maps each user thread to a kernel thread. This means that many threads can run in parallel on multiprocessors and other threads can run ...
Read MoreStarvation and Deadlock
Starvation and Deadlock are situations that occur when processes requiring resources are delayed for a long time. However, they are quite different concepts with distinct causes and solutions. Starvation Starvation occurs when a process is indefinitely postponed from accessing resources or CPU time it needs for execution. The process remains ready to run but never gets the opportunity to proceed, potentially waiting forever. Process Starvation Scenario High Priority P1 High Priority P2 Low Priority P3 (Starving) ...
Read MoreMessage Passing vs Shared Memory Process communication Models
Interprocess Communication (IPC) allows processes to exchange data and coordinate their activities. The two primary models for IPC are Message Passing and Shared Memory. Each model has distinct characteristics, advantages, and use cases that make them suitable for different scenarios. Message Passing Process Communication Model In the message passing model, processes communicate by exchanging messages through the operating system kernel. Processes do not share memory directly; instead, they send and receive messages via system calls like send() and receive(). The OS manages message queues, pipes, or sockets to facilitate this communication. Message Passing ...
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