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MCA Articles
Page 94 of 94
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
Data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) is an international telecommunications standard to provide high speed data to cable TV system over its existing hybrid fiber-coaxial (HFC) infrastructure. It is used for providing cable Internet access as well as supporting high definition televisions. Versions of DOCSIS DOSCIS 1.0 − It was the first version for cable modem system DOSCIS 2.0 − It enhanced upstream data from computer to the operator to allow services requiring equal data transfer in both uplink and downlink, like IP telephony. DOSCIS 3.0 − It supports IPv6 standard. It is marked by increase in transmission ...
Read MoreNetwork Interface Device
A network interface device (NID), also called network interface unit (NIU), is an interface between the network provider's local loop and the customer. These are present as grey boxes outside customer's premises, where the data wires of the phone company or the network provider ends and the customer's wiring begins. Diagrammatic Representation Features NID demarcates between provider's connection and customer's connection. Maintenance of wiring of the local loop up to the NID is the responsibility of the phone provider, while maintenance of wiring from the NID to the customer premises is the responsibility of the customer. NID protects ...
Read MoreCircuit-switched vs Packet-switched networks
Definitions Circuit Switched Networks − Circuit switched networks are connection-oriented networks. Here, a dedicated route is established between the source and the destination and the entire message is transferred through it. Packet Switched Networks − Packet switched networks are connectionless networks. Here, the message is divided and grouped into a number of units called packets that are individually routed from the source to the destination. Comparisons Differences with respect to technology Serial Number Circuit – Switching Packet – Switching 1 It is a connection oriented network switching technique. It is a connectionless network switching technique. ...
Read MoreCable, ADSL, and Fiber
Definitions Cable − Cable network is a system of providing varied services like television programming, FM programming, Internet and telephone services over existing cable TV network. ADSL − Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a type of broadband communications technology to transmit digital data at a high bandwidth on existing phone lines to homes and businesses. Fiber − Fiber or Fiber to the home (FTTH) is a technology to deploy optical fibers in the local loop of the telephone networks to the users home for providing high-speed data connectivity. Comparisons Wires Cable − They use the copper coaxial ...
Read MoreLocal Access and Transport Areas
In U.S. telecommunications,Local access and transport area (LATA) refers to a geographical area in the U.S. which is allocated to telephone companies. The telephone companies, legally termed as local exchange carriers (LECs) provide telecommunication services, within the allotted areas. A LATA may be within the same U.S. state or may span across more than one state, as laid down in Telecommunications Act of 1996. Two types of connections are possible. IntraLATA − It is a connection between two LECs within the LATA. InterLATA − It is a connection providing long-distance service between LECs in different LATAs.
Read MoreNetwork Physical Layer
The network physical layer is the lowest network layer in the Open System Interconnections (OSI) model. The primary concern of this layer is transmission of individual bits from one node to another over a physical medium. In TCP/IP model, the physical layer and the data link layer are combined as the host - to - network layer. Physical Layer in the OSI Model The Open System Interconnections (OSI) model is a layered networking framework that conceptualizes how communications should be done between heterogeneous systems. The physical layer is its lowest layer. The following diagram depicts the position of the physical ...
Read MoreWhat is the difference between time.clock() and time.time()?
The function time.time() returns the time in seconds since the epoch, i.e., the point where the time starts.For Unix, the epoch is January 1, 1970. For Windows, the epoch is January 1, 1601.time.time() is used for benchmarking on Windows. time.time() behaves the same on both UNIX and Windows but time.clock() has different meanings.On UNIX, time.clock returns the current processor time expressed in seconds, i.e., the CPU time it takes to execute the current thread so far. While on Windows, it returns the wall-clock time expressed in seconds elapsed since the first call to this function, based on the Win32 function ...
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