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Page 1077 of 2109
How to perform shapiro test for all columns in an R data frame?
The shapiro test is used to test for the normality of variables and the null hypothesis for this test is the variable is normally distributed. If we have numerical columns in an R data frame then we might to check the normality of all the variables. This can be done with the help of apply function and shapiro.test as shown in the below example.Exampleapply(df, 2, shapiro.test)Output$x1 Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: newX[, i] W = 0.94053, p-value = 0.2453 $x2 Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: newX[, i] W = 0.95223, p-value = 0.4022 $x3 Shapiro-Wilk normality test data: newX[, i] W = ...
Read MoreHow to divide the data frame rows in R by row standard deviation?
To divide the data frame row values by row standard deviation in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use apply function to divide the data frame row values by row standard deviation.Creating the data frameLet's create a data frame as shown below −> x y df dfOn executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) − x y 1 1.48 0.86 2 -0.14 -0.58 3 -0.25 1.22 4 0.18 0.25 5 0.50 0.68 6 -1.34 -0.21 ...
Read MoreWrite a program to reverse digits of a number in C++
A program to reverse digits of a number will interchange the position of the digits and reverse there order.Let’s suppose be a number abcde the reverse will be edcba.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, Inputn = 786521Output125687To reverse digits of the number, we will take each digit of the number from MSB(unit digit) and add it to reverse number variable, after this divide the original number by 10 and the reverse_number is multiplied by 10. This will be done until the number becomes 0.This repetitive process can be accomplished by two methods, iteration, and recursion, we will create ...
Read MoreCheck if a binary string contains all permutations of length k in C++
Suppose we have a binary string, another integer k. We have to check the string is containing all permutations of binary of k bits. Suppose a string is like “11001”, and if the K = 2, then it must have all permutations of k bit numbers. (00, 01, 10, 11), the given string has all permutation. So this is valid string.by taking the binary string and the value of k, we have to check whether binary sequences are matched or not. The binary sequence is made of size k. So there will be 2k number of different binary permutations. We ...
Read MoreJava Program to Print an Integer
In this article, we will understand how to print an integer in Java. It uses the int data type. The int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. The Minimum value is 2, 147, 483, 648 (-2^31) and the Maximum 2, 147, 483, 647(inclusive) (2^31 -1). Integer is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is a concern about memory. The default value is 0.InputSuppose our input isEnter an integer: 45OutputThe desired output would beThe integer is: 45AlgorithmStep 1- START Step 2- Prompt the user to enter an integer value/ define the integer ...
Read MoreHow to create a sample or samples using probability distribution in R?
A probability distribution is the type of distribution that gives a specific probability to each value in the data set. For example, if we have a variable say X that contains three values say 1, 2, and 3 and each of them occurs with the probability defined as 0.25, 0.50, and 0.25 respectively then the function that gives the probability of occurrence of each value in X is called the probability distribution. In R, we can create the sample or samples using probability distribution if we have a predefined probabilities for each value or by using known distributions such as ...
Read MoreHow to subset a named vector based on names in R?
To subset a named vector based on names, we can follow the below steps −Create a named vector.Subset the vector using grepl.Create the named vectorLet’s create a name vector as shown below −V
Read MoreHow to set the number of digits to be printed for summary command without using options(digits) in R?
To set the nuber of digits to be printed for summary command without using options(digits), we can use digits argument while printing the summary. −Example 1Using mtcars data and finding the summary statistics with number of digits set to 2 −summary(mtcars, digits=2)On executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) −Output mpg cyl disp hp drat Min. :10 Min. :4.0 Min. : 71 Min. ...
Read MoreHow to find the summary by categorical variable in R?
To find the summary by categorical variable, we can follow the below steps −Use inbuilt data sets or create a new data set.Find the summary statistics with by function.Use inbuilt data setLet’s consider mtcars data set in base R −data(mtcars) head(mtcars, 25)On executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) − mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear carb Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160.0 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 ...
Read MoreHow to filter data frame by categorical variable in R?
To filter data frame by categorical variable in R, we can follow the below steps −Use inbuilt data sets or create a new data set and look at top few rows in the data set.Then, look at the bottom few rows in the data set.Check the data structure.Filter the data by categorical column using split function.Use inbuilt data setLet’s consider CO2 data set in base R −data(CO2) head(CO2, 10)On executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) −Grouped Data: uptake ~ conc | Plant Plant Type Treatment conc uptake 1 ...
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