Article Categories
- All Categories
-
Data Structure
-
Networking
-
RDBMS
-
Operating System
-
Java
-
MS Excel
-
iOS
-
HTML
-
CSS
-
Android
-
Python
-
C Programming
-
C++
-
C#
-
MongoDB
-
MySQL
-
Javascript
-
PHP
-
Economics & Finance
R Programming Articles
Page 56 of 174
How to remove multiple rows from an R data frame using dplyr package?
Sometimes we get unnecessary information in our data set that needs to be removed, this information could be a single case, multiple cases, whole variable or any other thing that is not helpful in achieving our analytical objective, hence we want to remove it. If we want to remove such type of rows from an R data frame with the help of dplyr package then anti_join function can be used.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(2514) > x1 x2 df1 df1Output x1 x2 1 5.567262 4.998607 2 5.343063 4.931962 3 2.211267 5.034461 ...
Read MoreHow to create a barplot with gaps on Y-axis scale in R?
If we want to have gaps on Y-axis scale in a barplot then it cannot be done in base R. For this purpose, we can make use of gap.barplot function of plotrix package. The gap.barplot function is very handy, we just need to pass the vector for which we want to create the barplot and the gap values simply by using gap argument.Loading plotrix package:> library(plotrix)Example1> x xOutput[1] 2 6 5 4 7 2 5 2 5 2 8 6 8 13 3 5 7 7 5 6> gap.barplot(x, gap=c(2, 4)) ylim 0 11Warning message:In gap.barplot(x, gap = c(2, 4)) ...
Read MoreHow to create normal quantile-quantile plot for a logarithmic model in R?
How to create normal quantile-quantile plot for a logarithmic model in R?A logarithmic model is the type of model in which we take the log of the dependent variable and then create the linear model in R. If we want to create the normal quantile-quantile plot for a logarithmic model then plot function can be used with the model object name and which = 2 argument must be introduced to get the desired plot.Example1> x1 x1Output[1] 4.735737 3.631521 5.522580 5.538314 5.580952 4.341072 4.736899 2.455681 [9] 4.042295 5.534034 4.717607 6.146558 4.466849 5.444437 5.390151 4.491595 [17] 4.227620 4.223362 5.452378 5.690660 5.321716 5.269895 ...
Read MoreHow to set the diagonal elements of a matrix to 1 in R?
First thing we need to understand is diagonal elements are useful only if we have a square matrix, otherwise it would not make sense to set diagonal elements, this is known to almost all mathematicians but some freshman might get confused because we can create diagonal in a non-square matrix which should not be called a diagonal. In R, we can set the diagonal elements of a matrix to 1 by using diag function.Example1> M1 M1Output [, 1] [, 2] [, 3] [, 4] [, 5] [1, ] 1 6 11 16 21 [2, ...
Read MoreHow to fix the coefficient of an independent variable in R?
While doing the analysis we might know the variation in an independent variable or we might want to understand how other independent variables behave if we fix a certain variable. Therefore, we can fix the coefficient of an independent variable while creating the model and this can be done by using offset function with the coefficient of the variable for which we want to fix the value of the coefficient.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(854) > x1 x2 y1 df1 df1Output x1 x2 y1 ...
Read MoreHow to create a point chart with point size increment based on the position of the point in R?
The cex argument is used to increase or decrease the point size in a point chart created in base R. If we want to create a point chart with points of size in increment manner then we can pass a vector of the same size as the vector for which we want to create the point chart. For example, if we have a vector x that contains 10 elements then cex will be set as cex=1:10.Example1> x plot(x, cex=1:10, xlim=c(1, 12), ylim=c(-2, 12))Output:ExampleLet’s have a look at another example:> y plot(y, cex=1:10, xlim=c(1, 12), ylim=c(-1, 12))Output:
Read MoreHow to change the resolution of a plot in base R?
In base R, we can save a plot as a png and pass the resolution in the same stage. The procedure to do this is creating the png image with resolution with res argument then creating the plot and using dev.off() to create the file. Check out the below examples to understand how it works.Example1> png(file="example1.png",res=100) > plot(1:10) > dev.off()Output:Example2> png(file="example2.png",res=200) > plot(1:10) > dev.off()Output
Read MoreHow to change legend values in a bar plot created by using ggplot2 in R?
How to change legend values in a bar plot created by using ggplot2 in R?By default, the legend values are taken as the different levels of the categorical variable for which a bar plot is created using ggplot2 package and if we want to change those values then scale_color_manual function of the ggplot2 package can be used where we need to pass the values for color and labels for legend values.ExampleConsider the below data frame:> set.seed(1214) > x1 y1 df1 df1Output x1 y1 1 B 4 2 B 5 3 C 5 4 ...
Read MoreHow to find the less than probability using normal distribution in R?
The less than probability using normal distribution is the cumulative probability which can be found by using cumulative distribution function of the normal distribution. In R, we have pnorm function that directly calculates the less than probability for a normally distributed random variable that takes Z score, mean and standard deviation.Examplespnorm(0.95,1,0) pnorm(0.95,0,1) pnorm(0.10,0,1) pnorm(0.10,1,5) pnorm(0.10,1,50) pnorm(0.10,25,50) pnorm(0.12,25,50) pnorm(0.12,2,0.004) pnorm(0.12,2,0.5) pnorm(1,2,0.5) pnorm(12,20,3) pnorm(12,12,3) pnorm(12,15,3) pnorm(200,15,3) pnorm(200,201,3) pnorm(200,201,5) pnorm(20,25,5)Output[1] 0 [1] 0.8289439 [1] 0.5398278 [1] 0.4285763 [1] 0.4928194 [1] 0.309242 [1] 0.309383 [1] 0 [1] 8.495668e-05 [1] 0.02275013 [1] 0.003830381 [1] 0.5 [1] 0.1586553 [1] 1 [1] 0.3694413 [1] 0.4207403 [1] 0.1586553
Read MoreWhat is the use of type = "h" in base R for plotting a graph?
The type = "h" is a graphing argument in base R which is generally used inside a plot function. It helps to generate the vertical lines in the R environment instead of points. For example, if we want to plot values from 1 to 10 then type = "h" will plot the vertical lines starting from X-axis and the upper end of the lines will represent the actual value.Example1> plot(1:10,type="h")Output:Example2> plot(rnorm(10),type="h")Output:
Read More