Check whether a Map is empty or not using the isEmpty() method.Let us first create a IdentityHashMap and add some elements to itMap m= new IdentityHashMap(); m.put("1", 100); m.put("2", 200); m.put("3", 300); m.put("4", 150); m.put("5", 110); m.put("6", 50); m.put("7", 90); m.put("8", 250); m.put("9", 350); m.put("10", 450);Now, use the following method to check whether the Map is empty or not. Since we added some elements above, therefore the Map is not emptyn.isEmpty();Example Live Demoimport java.util.*; public class Demo {    public static void main(String[] args) {       Map m = new IdentityHashMap(); m.put("1", 100); m.put("2", 200); m.put("3", 300); m.put("4", 150); ... Read More

The floorKey() method is used to get floor key i.e. to return the greatest key less than or equal to the given key, or null if there is no such key.The following is an example to get floor key from NavigableMapExample Live Demoimport java.util.*; public class Demo {    public static void main(String[] args) {       NavigableMap n = new TreeMap();       n.put("A", 498);       n.put("B", 389);       n.put("C", 868);       n.put("D", 988);       n.put("E", 686);       n.put("F", 888);       n.put("G", 999);       ... Read More

The first and last elements of a Linked List can be obtained using the methods java.util.LinkedList.getFirst() and java.util.LinkedList.getLast() respectively. Neither of these methods require any parameters.A program that demonstrates this is given as followsExample Live Demoimport java.util.LinkedList; public class Demo { public static void main(String[] args) { LinkedList l = new LinkedList(); l.add("John"); l.add("Sara"); l.add("Susan"); l.add("Betty"); l.add("Nathan"); ... Read More

The lowerEntry() method in NavigabelMap returns a key-value mapping associated with the greatest key strictly less than the given key.The following is an example to implement lowerEntry() methodExample Live Demoimport java.util.*; public class Demo {    public static void main(String[] args) {       NavigableMap n = new TreeMap();       n.put(5, "Tom");       n.put(9, "John");       n.put(14, "Jamie");       n.put(1, "Tim");       n.put(4, "Jackie");       n.put(15, "Kurt");       n.put(19, "Tiger");       n.put(24, "Jacob");       System.out.println("NavigableMap elements..."+n);       System.out.println("Lower Entry is ... Read More

The higherEntry() method in NavigableMap returns a key-value mapping associated with the least key strictly greater than the given key.The following is an example to implement higherEntry() method −Example Live Demoimport java.util.*; public class Demo {    public static void main(String[] args) {       NavigableMap n = new TreeMap();       n.put(5, "Tom");       n.put(9, "John");       n.put(14, "Jamie");       n.put(1, "Tim");       n.put(4, "Jackie");       n.put(15, "Kurt");       n.put(19, "Tiger");       n.put(24, "Jacob");       System.out.println("NavigableMap elements..."+n);       System.out.println("Higher Entry ... Read More

The ModuleFinder class in 'modulefinder' module can determine set of modules imported by a certain script. This module has a command line interface as well as programmatic interface.For demonstration of functionality, use following script#modfinder.py import hello try: import trianglebrowser import nomodule, mymodule except ImportError: passCommand line interfaceFollowing command displays list of modules located as well as not found.E:\python37>python -m modulefinder modfinder.pyOutputName File ---- ---- m __main__ modfinder.py m hello hello.py m math m trianglebrowser trianglebrowser.py Missing modules: ? mymodule imported from __main__ ? nomodule imported from __main__Programmatic interfaceModuleFinder class in ... Read More

Automatic garbage collection is one of the important features of Python. Garbage collector mechanism attempts to reclaim memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use by the program.Python uses reference counting mechanism for garbage collection. Python interpreter keeps count of number of times an object is referenced by other objects. When references to an object are removed, the count for an object is decremented. When the reference count becomes zero, the object memory is reclaimed.Normally this mechanism is performed automatically. However, it can be done on purpose if a certain situation arises in the program. The 'gc' module ... Read More

Warning is different from error in a program. If error is encountered, Python program terminates instantly. Warning on the other hand is not fatal. It displays certain message but program continues. Warnings are issued to alert the user of certain conditions which aren't exactly exceptions. Typically warning appears if some deprecated usage of certain programming element like keyword/function/class etc. is found.Warning messages are displayed by warn() function defined in 'warning' module of Python's standard library. Warning is actually a subclass of Exception in built-in class hierarchy. There are a number of built-in Warning subclasses. User defined subclass can also be ... Read More

Provisions of the struct module in the Python library are useful in performing conversions between C type structs and Python bytes objects. This can be achieved by module level functions as well as Struct class and its methods as defined in the struct module.The conversion functions use a format string. The byte order, size, and alignment used in the format string is determined by formatting character as per the following tableCharacterByte orderSizeAlignment@nativenativenative=nativestandardnonebig-endianstandardnone!network (= big-endian)standardnoneFollowing table shows format characters used to denote C type variables and corresponding Python types.FormatC TypePython typexpad byteno valueccharbytes of length 1b/Bsigned/unsigned charinteger?_Boolboolh/Hshort/unsigned shortintegeri/Iint/unsigned intintegerl/Llong/unsigned longintegerffloatfloatddoublefloatschar[]bytespchar[]bytesPvoid *integerFollowing ... Read More

A class is called an Abstract class if it contains one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and its abstract methods must be implemented by its subclasses.Abstract base classes provide a way to define interfaces when other techniques like hasattr() would be clumsy or subtly wrong (for example with magic methods). ABCs introduce virtual subclasses, which are classes that don’t inherit from a class but are still recognized by isinstance() and issubclass() functions. There are many built-in ABCs in Python. ABCs for Data ... Read More