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Computer Network Articles
Page 49 of 122
What is Distance Vector Routing Algorithm?
The Distance-Vector routing algorithm is a network routing protocol where each router shares its routing table with neighboring routers. It is also known as the Bellman-Ford routing algorithm, named after the researchers who developed it (Bellman 1957, and Ford and Fulkerson, 1962). In this algorithm, each router calculates the shortest distance to every destination network by combining information from its neighbors. The algorithm operates on the principle that each router gradually builds complete network knowledge through iterative information sharing. Key Features Complete network knowledge − Each router maintains and shares information about the entire network ...
Read MoreWhat is Dijikstra Algorithm?
The Dijkstra Algorithm is a widely used shortest path routing algorithm in computer networks. It finds the shortest path between nodes in a weighted graph by systematically exploring all possible routes and selecting the one with minimum cost. In network routing, this algorithm enables packets to travel along the shortest path from source to destination. However, it has limitations as it doesn't adapt to dynamic network conditions like congestion or varying traffic loads. How It Works Dijkstra's algorithm maintains a set of vertices whose shortest distance from the source is known. It uses a cost matrix C[S, ...
Read MoreDescribe the Transport Layer in the Computer Network
The Transport Layer is the fourth layer in the OSI model, positioned between the network layer and session layer. It serves as a crucial intermediary that provides reliable end-to-end communication services between applications running on different hosts across a network. The transport layer's primary responsibility is to ensure data delivery with the required quality of service, including error detection and correction, flow control, and proper sequencing of data segments. It abstracts the complexities of the underlying network infrastructure from upper layers. Transport Layer in OSI Model ...
Read MoreWhat is the TCP Segment Header?
The TCP segment header is a fixed 20-byte structure that contains essential control information for reliable data transmission between network endpoints. Every TCP segment begins with this header, which may be followed by optional fields and data payload. TCP Segment Header Format (20 bytes) 0 16 32 Source Port (16 bits) Destination Port (16 bits) Sequence ...
Read MoreExplain the TCP Connection Management
The TCP Connection Management involves establishing, maintaining, and terminating connections between two hosts using a reliable connection-oriented protocol. TCP uses a three-way handshake mechanism to create connections and ensure reliable data transfer. Connection Establishment Connection establishment in TCP follows a systematic process where one side acts as a server and the other as a client: Server Side − The server passively waits for incoming connections by implementing LISTEN and ACCEPT primitives on a specific port. Client Side − The client performs a CONNECT primitive, specifying the destination port and optional parameters like maximum ...
Read MoreWhat is TCP Connection Release?
A TCP connection release is the process of terminating an established TCP connection in a controlled manner. Since TCP provides a full-duplex connection, the release process treats it as two independent simplex connections that must be closed separately. The connection release process is symmetric, meaning either endpoint can initiate the termination by sending a TCP segment with the FIN (finish) bit set. This indicates that the sender has no more data to transmit. However, data can continue flowing in the opposite direction until that side also sends its FIN segment. How TCP Connection Release Works The standard ...
Read MoreWhat is BISDN in Computer Network?
The B-ISDN (Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network) is a virtual circuit-switched network that can use high-speed packet switching services. B-ISDN uses a flexible multiplexing format called ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) to deliver broadband services over digital networks. B-ISDN represents an evolution from the original ISDN, designed to handle high-bandwidth applications like video conferencing, multimedia communications, and high-speed data transfer that require significantly more capacity than traditional voice services. B-ISDN Service Classification Interactive Services Distribution Services ...
Read MoreWhat are the types of Hubs in the Computer Network?
A hub is a networking device used to connect multiple devices in a network, creating a single collision domain where all connected devices share the same bandwidth. Hubs operate at the Physical Layer (Layer 1) of the OSI model and simply repeat incoming signals to all connected ports. There are three main types of hubs based on their functionality and features: Passive Hub Passive hubs are the simplest networking devices that contain no electronic components or signal processing capabilities. They act as simple connection points that physically join network cable segments together without amplifying or regenerating signals. ...
Read MoreDistinguish between Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Service
In computer networks, services can be classified based on how they handle data transmission between devices. The two primary approaches are connection-oriented and connectionless services, each with distinct characteristics and use cases. Connection-Oriented Services In a connection-oriented service, a dedicated communication path is established between the sender and receiver before data transmission begins. Each packet follows the same predetermined route, known as a virtual circuit, ensuring reliable and ordered delivery. The service operates in three phases: connection establishment, data transfer, and connection termination. This approach guarantees that packets arrive in the correct order without duplication or loss. ...
Read MoreWhat is IPv4 Addressing?
An IPv4 address is a unique 32-bit identifier used to distinguish devices on a network. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) operates at the network layer and assigns logical addresses to every interface that needs to communicate using TCP/IP. These addresses consist of 32 bits represented in binary notation, but to make them human-readable, they are typically expressed in dotted decimal notation. This format uses four decimal numbers (0-255) separated by periods, where each number represents 8 bits (one octet). IPv4 Address Structure (32 bits) ...
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