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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
What are the keys used by PGP in information security?
PGP creates use of four types of keys including one-time session symmetric keys, Public keys, Private keys, and Passphrase based symmetric keys.Session key generation − Each session key is related to a single message and is used only for the goals of encryption and decrypting that message. Remind that message encryption/decryption is completed with a symmetric encryption algorithm. Considering that it is a 128 bit key that is needed, the random 128 bit numbers are created using CAST-128.The input to the random number generator include as 128-bit key (this is a random number using the keystroke input from the user) ...
Read MoreLargest BST in a Binary Tree in C++
In a binary tree, there are only two nodes (left and right) in each child node. Tree structures are simply representations of data. Binary Search Trees (BSTs) are special types of Binary Trees that meet these conditions −Compared to its parent, the left child node is smallerThe parent node of the right child is larger than the child nodeSuppose we're given a binary tree, and we are supposed to find out what's the largest binary search tree (BST) within it.In this task, we will create a function to find the largest BST in a binary tree. When the binary tree ...
Read MoreWhat are the services of PGP?
PGP includes the following services which are as follows −Authentication − The hash function used is SHA-1 which makes a 160 bit message digest. EP (DP) defines public encryption (decryption) and the algorithm used can be RSA or DSS.The set of SHA-1 and RSA supports an effective digital signature scheme. Because of the strength of RSA the recipient is guaranteed that only the possessor of the connecting private key can make the signature. Because of the strength of SHA-1 the recipient is guaranteed that no one else can create a new message that connects the hash code and therefore the ...
Read MoreWhat is Hashing in information security?
Hashing is the procedure of translating a given key into a code. A hash function can be used to substitute the data with a newly generated hash code. Hash algorithms are generally used to offer a digital fingerprint of a file’s contents often used to provide that the file has not been changed by an intruder or virus. Hash functions are also employed by some operating systems to encrypt passwords. Hash functions support a measure of the integrity of a file.Hashing creates use of algorithms that convert blocks of information from a file in a much shorter value or key ...
Read MoreWhat is the basic operation of pandas Series.factorize() function?
The pandas Series.factorize() method is used to encode the series object as an enumerated type or categorical variable. This method generates the numeric representation of the series data.The output of this Series.factorize() method is a tuple and it has two elements one is indicating codes and another element indicates uniques.Example 1In the following example, we will see how the series.factorize() method encodes the elements of the series object.# importing pandas package import pandas as pd # create a series s = pd.Series({'A':"aa", 'B':"bb", "C":"cc"}) print(s) result = s.factorize() print(result)ExplanationHere the series object is created by using a python ...
Read MoreHow to unnest (explode) a row in a pandas series?
If some of the elements in the series object have lists, then we can unnest those list elements into multiple rows of the series object. Unnesting is nothing but exploding the lists into rows.So this transformation can be done easily with the help of the pandas series.explode() method. This method is used to transform list-like elements of a series object into rows, and the index will be duplicated for these rows.The ignore_index is the only parameter for this method and it takes boolean values, False is the default one, and True means the resulting index will be labeled from 0 ...
Read MoreHow does the pandas series.equals() method handle the null values?
It is very common to have missing values in a series object, and if you want to compare that type of series objects then the ordinary comparison does not work because nan != nan, In that case, we can use the equals() method. The equals() method considers Nan’s in the same location to be equal.The fundamental operation of the pandas series.equals() method is used to compare two series for equality. it returns True if the two series have the same elements and shape, and returns False if the two series are unequal.Example 1In the following example, two series objects series1 ...
Read MoreReverse Alternate K Nodes in a Singly Linked List in C++
In this tutorial, we are given a linked list A of length N and an integer K. We have to reverse alternate pairs of nodes with the size of each pair as K. It is also given that N is divisible by K. First argument is the head pointer of the linked list A and the second argument is an integer K, for exampleInput5 -> 6 -> 2 -> 8 -> 5 -> 2 -> 4 -> 8 -> 9 -> 6 -> null K=2Output6 -> 5 -> 2 -> 8 -> 2 -> 5 -> 4 -> 8 -> ...
Read MoreWhat is the basic operation of the series.equals() method in pandas?
The basic operation of the series.equals() method in the pandas constructor is used to test whether the elements in two series objects are the same or not, and it also compares the shape of the two series object.The equals() method is very similar to the pandas series.eq() method but the difference is it will return a boolean value as a result, whereas the eq() method returns a series object with boolean values.The output boolean value True indicates the elements in two series objects are the same. And it indicates False for unequal elements in series objects.Example 1In the following example, ...
Read MoreHow to handle the null values while comparing the two series objects using series.eq() method?
The Pandas series.eq() method is used to compare every element of a given series with a passed parameter (other series object or a scalar value). It will return True for every element which is equal to the element in the other series object (passed series object).The output of the eq() method is a series with boolean values and it performs an element-wise comparison operation which is nothing but caller series = other series. In the resultant series, the True value indicates the equivalent value in the other series object as well as, the False value indicates an unequal value.Handling of ...
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