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Inversion of control is a design principle which helps to invert the control of object creation.According to the paper written by Martin Fowler , inversion of control is the principle where the control flow of a program is inverted: instead of the programmer controlling the flow of a program, the external sources (framework, services, other components) take control of it. It's like we plug something into something else. He mentioned an example about EJB 2.0.Dependency Injection is a design pattern which implements IOC principle. DI provides objects that an object needs. Let’s say, class X is dependent on Y. So ... Read More
Dependency Injection is a practice to pass dependent object to other objects. Spring has two types of Dependency Injection :Constructor based Injection -When container call the constructor of the class. It should be used for mandatory dependencies.Let’s say Class X is tightly dependent on Class Y then we should use constructor based injection. Setter based Injection - It can be used by calling setter methods on your beans. It should be used for optional dependencies.Both types of injection has their own pros and cons. Below is a list of some differences −Sr. No.KeyConstructor based InjectionSetter based Injection1CircularIt doesn’t allow to ... Read More
When the number of categories is large in numbers for a variable and we want to create a bar plot then the display of the bar plot becomes a little ambiguous because the bars are plotted very close to each other. To make the bars clearly visible, we can reduce the width of the bars and set different colors for them to make them visually attractive.geom_bar(width=0.2,color="red")Consider the below data frame −x
When we find the summary statistics of a data frame then the output is returned as a table and each of the column records the minimum, first quartile, median, median, third quartile, and maximum with their names. If we want to save this summary as a data frame then it is better to calculate it with apply function and store it as data.frame.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox1
In data analysis, often we require to determine the minimum and maximum values because these values help us to understand the limits of a column or variable under consideration. This can be done by using which.max for maximum and which.min for minimum with single square brackets to extract the rows.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox1
When we join or combine plots using grid.arrange the scales of the first plot comes in between as X-axis even if the independent variable in both of the plots is same.Therefore, we might want to remove the space between the plots while joining to get only one X-axis. This can be done by using theme function.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demoset.seed(123) x
When we create a plot in R and draw gridlines then the gridlines are drawn on the basis of the values provided inside the grid function, therefore, it may or may not match with the Y-axis labels. But it can be done, we just need to set the values inside the grid function to NULL.ExampleConsider the below plot − Live Demox
Sometimes we need to create extra variable to add more information about the present data because it adds value. This is especially used while we do feature engineering. If we come to know about something that may affect our response then we prefer to use it as a variable in our data, hence we make up that with the data we have. For example, creating another variable applying conditions on other variable such as creating a binary variable for goodness if the frequency matches a certain criterion.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demoset.seed(100) Group
In this problem, we are given Q queries that consist of two values L and R. Our task is to create a program to solve Queries for maximum difference between prime numbers in given ranges in C++.Problem description: Here, in each querry, we are given two values L and R. We have to find the maximum difference i.e. the difference between the largest and the smallest prime numbers within the given range.Let’s take an example to understand the problem, InputQ = 2 2 45 14 16 41 0OutputExplanationFor query 1, the smallest prime number within the given range is 2 ... Read More
Often, we need to find the power of a value or the power of all values in an R vector, especially in cases when we are dealing with polynomial models. This can be done by using ^ sign as we do in Excel. For example, if we have a vector x then the square of all values in x can be found as x^2.Example Live Demox1