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In the OSI (Open System Interconnection) model, the transport layer is one of the seven layers and it is responsible for the end to end communication between the sender and receiver over the internet. It provides logical communication between the sender and receiver and ensures the end to end delivery of the packet.The transport layer main protocols are as follows −TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)UDP (User Datagram Protocol)SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)RDP (Reliable Data Protocol)RUDP (Reliable User Datagram Protocol)Responsibilities of the transport layerThe responsibilities of the transport layer are as follows −It provides a process to process delivery or end to ... Read More
BGP stands for Border gateway protocol. It is used to exchange the routing information between the networks. It makes the internet work. It always selects the local path preference. Because of the below reasons it is choosing the path than the best path.- Firstly RIP (Routing Information Protocol) selects the path with lowest hop count.- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) selects the path with the lowest cost. This is more important.- The best path in internet depends on how we are forwarding the traffic and to which autonomous system instead of the shortest path.- Higher local preference path is preferred.-Shortest ... Read More
The basic building blocks of the IPsec vpn tunnelling are as follows −Authentication header − it is used to verify the identity of the sender of the data and to check whether it is altered or not. It ties data in every data packet to a verifiable signature. It is used for the purpose of authentication.Encapsulating security payload − the data in the data packet is scrambled by using the encryption technique to prevent the sniffing attacks. It ensures the confidentiality of the data as the data is encrypted and not being able to be understood by anyone except the ... Read More
The network troubleshooting tools are classified into two types −Hardware toolsThe hardware tools included in the network troubleshooting are explained below −Cable testerIt is also known as a media tester. It is used to test whether the cable works properly or not. The cable testers will confirm whether a cable works correctly and if there is a problem with the cable. Tools which are used for testing of the cable can be classified as a cable tester.Protocol analyserThis tool is used to analyse the network protocols like UDP, TCP, and FTP etc. This acts as a software as well as ... Read More
4G cellular network is actually the fourth generation of cellular communications.Features of 4GIt comes up with many features which are given below −10x high speed as compared to 3GThe cost is also less for each bit used.It is highly secured too.It comes up with LTE i.e. Long term evaluation which refers to high-speed data connection for mobile devices.Now let us talk about the security features of 4G.Security features of the 4G cellular networkSecurity features are the different types of security measures a 4G network possesses such as the following −Configuration of security − It is the most beautiful feature of ... Read More
To generate dates in a range, use the date _range() method. At first, import the required pandas library with an alias −import pandas as pdNow, let’s say you need to generate dates in arrange, therefore for this, mention the date from where you want to begin. Here, we have mentioned 1st June 2021 and period of 60 days −dates = pd.date_range('6/1/2021', periods=60) ExampleFollowing is the complete code − import pandas as pd # generate dates in a range # period is 60 i.e. 60 days from 1st June 2021 dates = pd.date_range('6/1/2021', periods=60) print"Displaying dates in a range...", ... Read More
Let us begin by learning about Virtual LAN (VLAN).Virtual LAN (VLAN)VLANs are logical grouping of devices which are in the same broadcast domain. Computers, servers, network devices are connected logically and their physical location don't matter. We use VLANs to manage traffic, to make the security improved.A VLAN is used when multiple LAN devices are connected to each other, where each can sneak into the data transmitted by two devices, can be seen by a third device and security can be breached.A VLAN will make sure that the data is kept only between two devices. It can be used to ... Read More
In simple language, big data is a collection of data that is larger, more complex than traditional data, and yet growing exponentially with time. It is so huge that no traditional data management software or tool can manage, store, or can process it efficiently. So, it needs to be processed step by step via different methodologies.The Applications of Big Data areBanking and SecuritiesCommunications, Media and EntertainmentHealthcare ProvidersEducationManufacturing and Natural ResourcesGovernmentInsuranceRetail and Wholesale tradeTransportationEnergy and UtilitiesThe Uses of Big Data areLocation TrackingPrecision MedicineFraud Detection & HandlingAdvertisingEntertainment & MediaReal World Big Data ExamplesDiscovering consumer shopping habits.Personalized marketing.Fuel optimization tools for the transportation ... Read More
Network Address Translation (NAT) is a mechanism, through which one or more local IP addresses are translated into one or more global IP addresses. To access the local host also, the global IP addresses are converted to the local IP address.Network Address Translation (NAT) TypesThere are three ways to construct NAT. These are as follows −Static NATDynamic NATPort Address Translation (PAT)Functions of NATThe functions of NAT are explained below −Address translation for data transferThe border router is configured for NAT. The border router has two partsLocal interfaceGlobal interface.When the packets are transmitted from local host to another host in another ... Read More
Quality of service (QoS) in the case of networking implies the ability of a network to provide reliable service to the traffic over various technologies including Ethernet, wireless, IP, Asynchronous Mode etc.QOS in case of network congestion must keep in record various elements causing this congestion. It may be due to the reason of low bandwidth or high traffic on a single route. So, routing protocol being used heavily impacts the Quality of service of networking. It depends on how efficient a routing algorithm is to detect the traffic on a particular route and to choose a route accordingly to ... Read More