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The sliding window protocol is a flow control protocol that allows both link nodes A and B to send and receive data and acknowledgments simultaneously.Here, the sender can send multiple frames without having to wait for acknowledgments.If no new data frames are ready for transmission in a specified time, a separate acknowledgment frame is generated to avoid time-out.Each outbound frame contains a sequence number ranging from 0 to 2𝑛−1(𝑛 bit field). For stop-and-wait sliding window protocol, 𝑛 = 1.Sender WindowSender Window is a set of sequence numbers maintained by the sender corresponding to the frame sequence numbers of frames sent ... Read More
In distance-vector routing (DVR), each router is required to inform the topology changes to its neighboring routers periodically. Historically it is known as the old ARPNET routing algorithm or Bellman-Ford algorithm.How the DVR Protocol WorksIn DVR, each router maintains a routing table. It contains only one entry for each router. It contains two parts − a preferred outgoing line to use for that destination and an estimate of time (delay). Tables are updated by exchanging the information with the neighbor’s nodes.Each router knows the delay in reaching its neighbors (Ex − send echo request).Routers periodically exchange routing tables with each ... Read More
Routing is the process of moving the data across a network from a source to a destination. Routing algorithms are used to decide the route or the output line a packet should be transmitted on. Routing algorithms determine the optimal path to reach a destination.A good routing algorithm should process properties such as correctness, simplicity, robustness, stability, fairness, and optimality.Fixed RoutingFixed routing is used to find a single permanent route for each source-to-destination pair. It determines the routes using a least-cost algorithm and the routes are fixed at least until a change occurs in the network topology.Fixed Routing − ExampleCentral ... Read More
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a client/server protocol that automatically provides an Internet Protocol (IP) host with its IP address and other related configuration information such as the subnet mask and default gateway. In DHCP, port number 67 is used for the server and 68 is used for the client.DHCP allows a network administrator to supervise and distribute IP addresses from a central point and automatically sends a new Internet Protocol (IP) address when a computer is plugged into a different place in the network.DHCP is an application layer protocol that provides −Subnet MaskRouter AddressIP AddressDHCP Client-Server Communication DiagramIn ... Read More
MultiplexingMultiplexing is the process of collecting the data from multiple application processes of the sender, enveloping that data with headers and sending them as a whole to the intended receiver.In Multiplexing at the Transport Layer, the data is collected from various application processes. These segments contain the source port number, destination port number, header files, and data.These segments are passed to the Network Layer which adds the source and destination IP address to get the datagram.DemultiplexingDelivering the received segments at the receiver side to the correct app layer processes is called demultiplexing.The destination host receives the IP datagrams; each datagram ... Read More
Address Resolution ProtocolAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol that works on the TCP/IP Layer 2.ARP helps to get the MAC address of the connected router or gateway from the IP address.ARP is a request-response protocol in which one device sends a request to another device asking for some information, the other device will respond/reply with the required information.ARP packets are encapsulated by a link-layer and are distributed only in a specific network. ARP is said to be a link-layer protocol.How Does ARP Work?Before sending an IP packet, the sender must know the destination MAC address.If the MAC address ... Read More
In the data warehousing process, the data staging area is collected of the data staging server software and the data store archive (repository) of the results of extraction, transformation, and loading activity.The data staging software server temporarily saves and changes data extracted from OLTP data sources and the archival repository stores cleaned, transformed data and attributes for loading into data marts and data warehouses.The data staging process imports information either as streams or files, change it, produces integrated, cleaned data, and stages it for loading into data warehouses, data marts, or Operational Data Stores.A data staging tool is accessible, and ... Read More
Data Warehousing is a method that is generally used to collect and handle data from various other sources to provide the business a meaningful business insight. A data warehouse is specifically created for the goals of support management decisions. The Data Warehouse has two main parts which are as follows −Physical store − A Microsoft SQL Server database that it can query using SQL queries, and an OLAP database that it can need to run reports.Logical schema − A conceptual model that maps to the data in the physical store.Physical StoreThe physical store for the Data Warehouse contains one database ... Read More
The Metadata hub is used for handling the interchange and distributing of technical Metadata between decision processing products. It is designed for use primarily by technical staff during the growth and maintenance of data warehouses. There are four requirements of this hub are −A Metadata hub should provide the interchange of Metadata among systems and products in a shared Meta data environment. The hub must have a record and open programmatic object interface (employing COM or CORBA, for example) that allows third-party tools to control the services of the hub. A file transfer structure supporting industry-identified file formats (comma delimited ... Read More
We all know about the numbers that are not square of any number like 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, etc. There are Nth numbers of non-square numbers, and it is impossible to know every number. So In this article, we will explain everything about the square-free number or non-square number and what are the ways to find Nth non-square number in C++.Nth Non-Square NumberA number is said to be a perfect square if it is a square of an integer. Some example of perfect square numbers are −1 is square of 1 4 is square of 2 9 is square ... Read More